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The Kushite Empire (Kingdom of Kush) Sudan – Egypt

The Kushite Empire (Kingdom of Kush) Sudan - Egypt

The Kingdom of Kush, also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

The native name of the Kingdom was recorded in Egyptian as kꜣš.

The name Kush has been connected with Cush in the Hebrew Bible. According to the Bible, Nimrod, a son of Cush, was the founder and King of Babylon.

In Greek sources Kush was known as Kous or Aethiopia.

The region of Nubia was an early cradle of civilization, producing several complex societies that engaged in trade and industry. The city-state of Kerma emerged as the dominant political force between 2450 and 1450 BC, controlling an area in the Nile Valley as large as Egypt.

The Egyptians were the first to identify Kerma as “Kush” probably from the indigenous word “Kasu”. Over the next several centuries the two civilizations engaged in intermittent warfare, trade, and cultural exchange.

In the Kingdom of Kerma’s latest phase, lasting from about 1700 to 1500 BC, it absorbed the Sudanese kingdom of Saï and became a sizable, populous empire rivaling Egypt. Current Sai Island is located in northern Sudan.

Under Thutmose I, Egypt made several campaigns south, occupied Kush and destroyed its capital, Kerma.

Egyptians also undertook campaigns to defeat Kush and conquer Nubia under the rule of Amenhotep I (1514–1493 BC). The Kushites are described as archers:

“Now after his Majesty had slain the Bedoin of Asia, he sailed upstream to Upper Nubia to destroy the Nubian bowmen.”

Archers were the most important force in the Kushite military. Their arrows were often poisoned-tipped. Elephants were occasionally used in warfare, as seen in the war against Rome around 20 BC.

Around 1500 BC, Nubia was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries. After the conquest, Kerma culture was increasingly Egyptianized. Nubia nevertheless became a key province of the New Kingdom, economically, politically, and esoterically. Major pharaonic ceremonies were held at Jebel Barkal near Napata.

According to Josephus Flavius, the biblical Moses led the Egyptian army in a siege of the Kushite city of Meroe. To end the siege, Princess Tharbis was given to Moses as a “diplomatic” bride, and thus the Egyptian army retreated back to Egypt.

With the disintegration of the New Kingdom around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered at Napata in modern northern Sudan. This more-Egyptianized “Kingdom of Kush” emerged and regained the region’s independence from Egypt.

The extent of cultural and political continuity between the Kerma culture and the chronologically succeeding Kingdom of Kush is difficult to determine.

The first Kushite King known by name was Alara, who ruled somewhere between 800 and 760 BC.

Alara was a King of Kush, who is generally regarded as the founder of the Napatan royal dynasty and was the first recorded prince of Kush. He never controlled any region of Egypt during his reign compared to his two immediate successors. Nubian literature credits him with a substantial reign since future Nubian kings hoped that they might enjoy a reign as long as Alara’s.

His memory was also central to the origin myth of the Kushite Kingdom, which was embellished with new elements over time. Alara was a deeply revered figure in Nubian culture and the first Kushite King whose name came down to scholars.

Later royal inscriptions remember Alara as the founder of the dynasty, some calling him “chieftain”, others “king”.

Alara was probably buried at El-Kurru, although there exists no inscription to identify his tomb. It has been proposed that it was Alara who turned Kush from a chiefdom to an Egyptianized kingdom centered around the cult of Amun.

Alara’s successor Kashta extended Kushite control north to Elephantine (near modern-day Aswan) and Thebes in Upper Egypt.

Kashta’s successor Piye seized control of Lower Egypt around 727 BC.

He ruled from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia, modern-day Sudan.

“Amun of Napata granted me to be ruler of every foreign country,” and Amun of Thebes granted me to be ruler of the Black Land (Kmt)”.

“Foreign country” in this regard seems to include Lower Egypt, while “Kmt” seems to refer to a united Upper Egypt and Nubia.

KMT is probably the root of the word Kemet, where Al-Kimia (Alchemy) derives from.

The monarchs of Kush ruled Egypt for over a century until they were expelled by the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal in the mid-seventh century BC.

King Esarhaddon, when conquering Egypt and destroying the Kushite Empire, stated how he “deported all Aethiopians from Egypt, leaving not one to pay homage to me”.

He was talking about the Nubian 25th Dynasty rather than people from modern-day Ethiopia.

The 25th dynasty was a line of pharaohs who originated in the Kingdom of Kush.

Most of this dynasty’s kings saw Napata as their spiritual homeland. They reigned in part or all of Ancient Egypt for nearly a century, from 744 to 656 BC.

The 25th dynasty was highly Egyptianized, using the Egyptian language and writing system as their medium of record and exhibiting an unusual devotion to Egypt’s religious, artistic, and literary traditions.

Earlier scholars have ascribed the origins of the dynasty to immigrants from Egypt, particularly the Egyptian Amun priests.

Tantamani was the last pharaoh of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. His royal name was Bakare, which means “Glorious is the Soul of Re.”

Soon after the Assyrians had appointed a king and left, Tantamani invaded Egypt in hopes of restoring his family to the throne. Tantamani marched down the Nile from Nubia and reoccupied all of Egypt, including Memphis. The Assyrians’ representatives were killed in Tantamani’s campaign.

This led to a renewed conflict with Ashurbanipal in 663 BCE. The Assyrians returned to Egypt in force and defeated Tantamani.

This event effectively ended Nubian control over Egypt, although Tantamani’s authority was still recognised in Upper Egypt until 656 BCE, when Egypt was unified. These events marked the start of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt.

Thereafter, Tantamani ruled only Nubia (Kush). He died in 653 BCE and was buried in the family cemetery at El-Kurru, below a pyramid, now disappeared. Only the entrance and the chambers remain, which are beautifully decorated with mural paintings.

The Kushite pharaohs built and restored temples and monuments throughout the Nile valley, including Memphis, Karnak, Kawa, and Jebel Barkal. It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile Valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids (many in modern-day Sudan) since the Middle Kingdom.

King Aspelta moved the capital to Meroë, considerably farther south than Napata, circa 591 BCE, because it was on the fringe of the summer rainfall belt, and the area was rich in iron ore and hardwood for iron working. The location also afforded access to trade routes to the Red Sea. The Kushites traded iron products with the Romans, in addition to gold, ivory and slaves.

Around 300 BCE, the move to Meroë was made more complete when the Kings began to be buried there, instead of at Napata. One theory says that the monarchs wanted to break away from the power of the priests at Napata.

During this same period, the Kushite authority may have extended some 1,500 kms along the Nile River valley from the Egyptian frontier in the north to areas far south of modern-day Khartoum and probably also substantial territories to the east and west.

The fall of Meroe is often associated with an Aksumite invasion, although Aksum’s presence in Nubia was likely short-lived.

The Kingdom of Aksum was based in what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, and spanning present-day Djibouti and Sudan. It was considered one of the 4 great powers by the Persian prophet Mani, alongside Persia, Rome, and China.

From the third century BCE to the third century AD, northern Nubia would be invaded and annexed by Egypt. Ruled by the Macedonians and Romans for the next 600 years, this territory would be known in the Greco-Roman world as Dodekaschoinos.

After the Romans assumed control of Egypt, they negotiated with the Kushites at Philae and drew the southern border of Roman Egypt at Aswan.

The Kingdom of Kush became a client kingdom of Rome, which was similar to the situation under Ptolemaic rule of Egypt. Kushite ambition and excessive Roman taxation are two theories for a revolt that was supported by Kushite armies.

The ancient historians Strabo and Pliny give accounts of the conflict with Roman Egypt in the first century BCE. According to Strabo, the Kushites sacked Aswan with an army of 30,000 men and destroyed imperial statues.

Then, the Kushites sent ambassadors to negotiate a truce with the Romans, obtaining a peace treaty on favorable terms. Trade between the two nations increased and the Roman Egyptian border was moved to Maharraqa.

This arrangement guaranteed peace for most of the next 300 years and there is no definite evidence of further clashes.

Kush began to fade as a power by the first or second century AD, drained by the war with the Roman province of Egypt and the decline of its traditional industries.  

It has been suggested that the Kushites reoccupied lower Nubia after Roman forces were withdrawn to Aswan. Thereafter, it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion.

The Kingdom of Kush persisted as a major regional power until the 4th century AD when it weakened from internal rebellion amid worsening climatic conditions and invasions and conquest of the Kingdom of Kush by the Noba people who introduced the Nubian languages and gave their name to Nubia itself.

Around 420 AD, the elites began assuming royal insignia of their own, resulting in the later kingdoms of Nobatia (north), Makuria (center), and Alodia (south). Out of these 3, Nobatia is considered a small post-imperial remnant of Kush, maintaining some aspects of Kushite culture but also exhibiting Hellenistic and Roman influences.

Sometime after this event, the Kingdom of Alodia would gain control of the southern territory of the former Meroitic empire including parts of Eritrea.

Technology, medicine, mathematics and architecture

The natives of the Kingdom of Kush developed a type of water wheel that had a decisive influence on agriculture.

They also developed a form of reservoir, known as hafir.

The functions of hafirs were to catch water during the rainy season for storage, to ensure it was available for several months during the dry season as drinking water, to irrigate fields and for cattle.

Nubian mummies revealed that Kush was a pioneer of early antibiotics. Tetracycline was already being used by Nubians, while modern commercial use started in the mid 20th century.

The theory states that earthen jars containing grain used for making beer contained the bacterium streptomyces, which produced tetracycline, and Nubians could have noticed that people felt better by drinking beer.

Nubians had a sophisticated understanding of mathematics as they appreciated the harmonic ratio and established a system of geometry to create early versions of sun clocks.

Long overshadowed by its more prominent Egyptian neighbor, Kush was an advanced civilization in its own right. The Kushites had their own unique language and script, maintained a complex economy based on trade and industry, mastered archery and developed a complex, urban society with uniquely high levels of female participation.

Though Kush had developed many cultural affinities with Egypt, such as the veneration of Amun, and the royal families of both kingdoms occasionally intermarried, Kushite culture, language and ethnicity was distinct, even the way they dressed, their appearance and method of transportation.

They also created pyramids, mud-brick temples (deffufa), and masonry temples.

Pyramids are “the archetypal tomb monument of the Kushite royal family” and found at “el Kurru, Nuri, Jebel Barkal, and Meroe.”

The Kushite pyramids are smaller with steeper sides than northern Egyptian ones.

Kush also invented Nubian vaults, a type of curved surface forming a structure of pure earth without the need of timber.

Some scholars believe the economy in the Kingdom of Kush was a redistributive system. The state would collect taxes in the form of surplus produce and would redistribute it to the people. Others believe that most of the society worked on the land and required nothing from the state and did not contribute to the state.

Northern Kush seems to have been more productive and wealthier than the Southern area.

On account of the Kingdom of Kush’s proximity to Ancient Egypt and because the 25th dynasty ruled over both states in the 8th century BCE, the political structure and organization of Kush as an independent ancient state has not received as thorough as attention from scholars, and there remains much ambiguity especially surrounding the earliest periods of the state.

The study of the region could benefit from increased recognition of Kush as an entity in its own right, with distinct cultural conditions, rather than merely as a secondary reign on the periphery of Egypt.

What do you think about the Kingdom of Kush and its history? Let us know in the comment section and share the post!!!

Video version here:

The Kushite Empire (Kingdom of Kush) Sudan – Egypt

Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

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https://www.staciebronson.com/

https://www.facebook.com/groups/1372429986896515

LINKS:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AF_(island)

https://medievalsaiproject.wordpress.com/

https://lenditravel.com/destinations/sai-island/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Kurru

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alara_of_Kush

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Barkal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_vault

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamani

PICS:

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nubian_Prince_Hekanefer_bringing_tribute_for_King_Tut,_18th_dynasty,_Tomb_of_Huy.jpg

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies,_Meroitic,_beginning_of_first_century_AD,_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meroitische_Inschrift,_Meroe_1._Jh._n._Chr.,_Aegyptisches_Museum,_Muenchen-1.jpg

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail._Sam%27al_stele_of_Esarhaddon,_671_BCE,_Pergamon_Museum.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon#/media/File:The_Recognition_of_Esarhaddon_as_King_in_Nineveh,_illustration_from_’Hutchinson’s_History_of_the_Nations’,_c_1910-15.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tanotamun_portrait_in_Kerma_Museum.jpg

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exhibition_I_am_Ashurbanipal_king_of_the_world,_king_of_Assyria,_British_Museum_(45973251301).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuri_Pyramids_Nu_-V,_XVI,_VII,_VIII,_IX,_X,_%26_XI_Kushite_(Napatan).jpg

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colossal_statue_of_King_Aspelta_MFA.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aksumite_Empire,_according_to_Momentum_Adulitrum.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_of_one_of_the_ancient_Nubian_tombs_at_El-Kurru_near_Karima.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burial_Chamber_of_the_tomb_of_Tanutamani_(5)_(33554932640).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_-_Capture_of_Memphis_by_the_Assyrians.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#/media/File:Nubia_NASA-WW_places_german.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#/media/File:Nubian_Archers.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt#/media/File:NE_565ad.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triakontaschoinos#/media/File:Nubia_today.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_vault#/media/File:Voute_nubienne_egypte.jpg

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The Megalithic Fortress of Arwad – Syria

The Megalithic Fortress of Arwad - Syria

Arwad, an island city situated off the coast of Syria in the Mediterranean Sea, is renowned for its ancient megalithic fortress. A strategic stronghold which has withstood the ravages of time, it offers a fascinating glimpse into the architecture, cultural practices, and historical significance of ancient civilizations in the region.

Historical Background

Also known as Arvad in ancient texts, it was then named Árados in Greek, which was Latinized as Aradus. In Arabic, it became Arwad . It’s also known as Ruad Island.

It is one of the most significant archaeological sites in Syria and its origins date back to the Bronze Age, with the island being continuously inhabited since at least the 3rd millennium BCE. The fortress itself was constructed during the height of Arwad’s prominence, around the 1st millennium BCE, reflecting its strategic importance in ancient maritime trade and defense.

The island was settled in the 2nd millennium BC by the Phoenicians. Under their control, it became an independent kingdom probably called Jazirat (meaning “island”) or Aynook. The city has been cited as one of the first known examples of a republic in the world, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign.

It was a major city-state, and the Phoenicians, known for their seafaring prowess and commercial enterprises, established Arwad as a crucial port city. The island’s location, just off the Syrian coast, allowed it to control important maritime routes and engage in trade with various Mediterranean civilizations, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

The fortress was built during a period of heightened geopolitical tensions and conflicts. The city-state faced threats from neighboring powers, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, and later the Macedonians and Romans. The fortress’s construction was thus a response to these external pressures and a testament to Arwad’s strategic military planning.

“The King of Arwad dwelt in the wide sea and fixed his dwelling like a fish in immeasurable waters.” –Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria-

Arwad apparently received the favor of the Seleucid Kings of Syria, and enjoyed the right of asylum for political refugees. Also, in some documents in connection with other cities and rulers of the near East, it is mentioned to show favor to the Jews.

This was after Rome had begun to interfere in the affairs of Judea and Syria, and indicates that Arwad was still of considerable importance at the time.

It formed an excellent base for the Phoenician commercial operations, into both the hinterland as far as the Euphrates, and also to Egypt. It was not until Roman times that the island declined, losing its commercial power to Antaradus (Ṭarṭus).

Tartus or Tartous with over 160,000 inhabitants is today the second most important town on the Syrian coast after Latakia. It is situated on the Mediterranean Sea, opposite Arwad Island.

Tartus was founded in antiquity as Antaradus (Anti-Aradus or the town facing Aradus), as a Phoenician colony of Arwad/Aradus. It was rebuilt in 346 AD by Emperor Constantine the I and flourished during Roman and Byzantine times. It became a major Christian stronghold and it is claimed to have the first chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

In the 12th and 13th century AD, Crusaders occupied Tartus, then known as Tortosa, converting it into a fortress-town, and successfully defending it against attacks. It finally fell to the Arabs, who razed the walls, in 1302.

In November 1300, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, and Amaury de Lusignan, Lord of Tyre, attempted to occupy the former Templar stronghold of Tortosa.

A force of 600 men, of which the Templars supplied about 150, failed to establish itself in the town, although they were able to leave a garrison of 120 men on the Island of Ruad (Arwad), just off the coast.

Nearly forty of these men were still in prison in Cairo, Egypt, years later, where according to a former Genoese fellow prisoner, they died of starvation, having refused an offer of many riches and goods in return for apostatizing.

Tortosa was the last stand the Templars had on the mainland of Syria towards Arwad, which they kept for another decade.

From the beginning of the Ottoman conquest, the town declined in importance until its port was rejuvenated in the 20th century.

Today, there is a Templar castle and an Arab castle, both dating from the 13th century, still to be seen on Arwad, which is now an entirely Arab island dependent for its livelihood on the fishing industry. Arwad can be reached by boat from Tartus.

Architectural Features

The megalithic fortress stands out due to its impressive and sophisticated architectural features. The term “megalithic” refers to the use of large stone blocks in construction, which is evident in its massive walls and defensive structures.

These walls, which are up to 12 meters (40 feet) high and 5 meters (16 feet) wide, were designed to withstand both sieges and assaults. They provided strength, but also durability, allowing the fortress to endure over millennia.

The walls were built using large, finely cut stone blocks, many of which are polygonal in shape. This construction method was highly advanced for its time and reflects the skill and sophistication of the builders. They were equipped with towers and bastions at strategic points. These towers provided elevated vantage points for defenders and allowed for effective surveillance and defense of the fortress.

The bastions were designed to enfilade enemy troops, creating a crossfire that was highly effective in repelling attacks.

The fortress had multiple gates, each fortified and protected by complex gatehouses. The main gate was particularly elaborate, featuring a series of defensive barriers and traps designed to slow down and confuse attackers. This gate was flanked by two massive towers, each with arrow slits and defensive platforms.

    Within the walls, the internal layout was organized for both residential and military purposes. The fortress contained living quarters for the garrison, administrative buildings, and storage facilities.

    The design of the internal spaces reflected a high degree of organization and functionality, ensuring that the fortress could support a prolonged siege, if necessary.

    Strategic Importance

    The strategic location of Arwad’s fortress was central to its historical significance. The island’s position in the Mediterranean Sea provided it with several key advantages.

    Phoenician Influence

    The island was a center of Phoenician culture, known for its shipbuilding and trade networks. Some of the inscriptions and artifacts found on the island provide insight into the Phoenician language and religious practices.

    Maritime Control

    Arwad’s location allowed it to control important maritime routes. The fortress overlooked the sea lanes used by merchant ships traveling between the eastern coasts and the wider Mediterranean region. By controlling these routes, Arwad could exert influence over trade and commerce, and secure its position as a major port city.

    Defense Against Invasion

    The fortress was strategically designed to defend against maritime and land-based invasions. Its elevated position on the island made it difficult for invaders to approach and launch a successful attack. The combination of thick walls, defensive towers, and the surrounding sea, created a formidable barrier that protected the city from numerous sieges and assaults.

    Economic and Political Power

    Arwad’s control over maritime trade routes contributed to its economic prosperity. The fortress not only defended the city but also symbolized its political and economic power. The presence of such a strong defensive structure indicated the city’s wealth and its ability to project power regionally and beyond.

    Ancient Harbor

    Arwad’s strategic position made it an important maritime hub in antiquity. The island has remnants of an ancient harbor system, which underscores its significance as a port city and its role in trade and military operations across the Mediterranean.

    Historical Significance

    Arwad played a significant role during various historical periods, including the Persian and Roman eras. It was often a point of contention and a strategic asset due to its location and fortifications.

    Cultural Continuity

    The island has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years, and it has retained much of its ancient character. Even in modern times, the local population still engages in traditional practices that reflect the island’s long history.

    Maritime Heritage

    Arwad has a rich maritime history, with evidence of ancient shipbuilding techniques and naval activities. The presence of ancient shipyards and related infrastructure highlights its role in maritime trade and warfare.

    These aspects of Arwad add depth to our understanding of its historical and cultural significance, making it a truly remarkable site with a rich heritage that extends beyond the well-known aspects of its megalithic fortifications.

    The fortress holds significant historical value. It is a testament to the advanced engineering and architectural skills of ancient civilizations and reflects the broader cultural and political context of the time. Its design influenced subsequent fortifications in the region and contributed to the development of military architecture in the ancient Mediterranean world.

    Excavations and studies of the fortress have provided important information about ancient construction techniques, defensive strategies, and the daily life of the inhabitants.

    The insights gained from studying Arwad’s fortress contribute to our understanding of ancient civilizations, their military strategies, and their cultural practices.

    As research and excavation continue, the fortress of Arwad will undoubtedly yield further revelations about its past and its impact on the ancient Mediterranean world.

    What do you think about The Megalithic Fortress of Arwad and other Megalithic structures in the world? Let us know in the comment section below and share the post!!!

    Video version here:

    The Megalithic Fortress of Arwad – Syria

    Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwad

    https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/January-2016/Arwad-Fortress-at-Sea

    https://homsonline.com/EN/Citeis/Tartus.htm

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad

    https://www.megalithicbuilders.com/asia/syria/arwad-arwad-wall

    SOURCES:

    • Malcolm Barber, Trial of the Templars
    • Martin Bernal, Black Athena Writes Back (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 359.
    • Lawrence I Conrad, ‘The Conquest of Arwād: A Source-critical study in the historiography of the early medieval Near East’, in The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East: Papers of the First Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam, edited by Averil Cameron and Lawrence I Conrad, Studies in late antiquity and early Islam, 1, vol. 1, Problems in the literary source material (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1992), 317–401.
    • Alain Demurger, The Last Templar
    • Hazlitt, The Classical Gazetteer, p.53.
    • Lebling, Robert W. 2016. “Arwad, Fortress at Sea”. Aramco World. January February 2016. Volume 67, no. 1. Pages 34–41.
    • Newman, Sharan (2006). Real History Behind the Templars. Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-425-21533-3.
    • Jean Richard, Les Croisades
    • Sylvia Schein, “Gesta Dei per Mongolos”
    • Dave Eggers, Zeitoun
    • Krahmalkov, Charles R (2000). Phoenician-Punic dictionary. Peeters Publishers.

    PICS:

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    The Scarab Beetle: A Symbol of Mystery, Myth, and Magic

    The Scarab Beetle - Mystery, Myth and Magic

    Throughout history, certain creatures have captivated human imagination, inspiring myths, legends, and mystical beliefs. Among these creatures, the scarab beetle stands out as a symbol of profound significance in various cultures. Often associated with the underworld, rebirth, and transformation, the scarab beetle was closely associated with the sun god Ra and played a crucial role in the Egyptian belief system, particularly concerning magic and the underworld. In this exploration, we delve into the rich history and symbolic meanings of the scarab beetle, uncovering its profound influence on human culture and spirituality.

    Ancient Egypt: The Divine Khepri

    In the annals of human history, perhaps no civilization revered the scarab beetle more than ancient Egypt. Known as “Khepri” in Egyptian mythology, the scarab beetle was known for its unique life cycle and was deeply intertwined with creation and transformation.

    Khepri (ḫprj) is derived from the Egyptian language verb ḫpr, meaning to “develop”, “come into being”, or “create The beetle’s life began as a humble larva, eggs which had been laid in dung and which emerge fully grown. In this way, the scarab beetle seems to have been created out of nothing.

    This analogy of burrowing into the earth, resemble the sun sinking beneath the horizon. In this stage, Khepri was seen as representing the idea of death and the underworld. Egyptians believed that the sun god Ra traveled through the underworld during the night, only to reemerge at dawn, just as Khepri emerged from the earth.

    Khepri was depicted as a giant scarab or a man with a scarab for a head. Just as the scarab beetle rolled the dung balls across the earth, Khepri rolled the newly born sun across the sky, symbolizing the sun’s daily rebirth.

    Khepri was a solar deity and was often times seen as an aspect of Ra, along with another solar deity Atum. (A-toom) Khepri was the morning sun, Ra was the midday sun, and Atum was the sun in the evening.

    The ancient Egyptians believed that the scarab beetle possessed the power of transformation and rebirth, mirroring the sun’s journey. This symbolism was applied to the deceased as well, as they were believed to undergo a similar journey in the afterlife.

    Scarabs as Symbols of Good Luck

    Scarabs are well known as being symbols of good luck. Scarab amulets were popular and worn by both the living and the deceased. Three types of scarabs, that seem to have been used in funerary practices were known as heart scarabs, pectoral scarabs and naturalistic scarabs. These scarabs were placed on the mummies to protect and guide the deceased’s soul safely through the underworld. The scarab’s significance in Egyptian funerary rites emphasized its role in the afterlife, where the dead would undergo a transformation much like the beetle’s metamorphosis from a lowly dung roller to an elegant, winged insect.

    Commemorative scarabs were sometimes given as royal gifts or propaganda in support of Egyptian political purposes and had been found inscribed with royal names.

    Egyptian scarabs were carried by traders into Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean to sell as good luck charms, so, Egyptians weren’t the only culture to ascribe great importance to the scarab beetle. In ancient Greece, the scarab was associated with the god Ares, symbolizing protection and good fortune. It was believed to have protective properties, warding off evil spirits and bringing good luck to its wearer.

    Additionally, Sardinia had developed an industry for producing scarabs, which were then imported into ancient Rome, where they were often used as talismans and amulets, believing to possess powers of protection and healing. Rings made of scarab beetles were considered to be military symbols and used during battle. Many roman graves dated from 400 AD were found to have had artificial scarabs.

    Medicine

    Not only used for good luck, but also for healing, Some ancient papyrus documents even attest to the scarabs being used in traditional medicine. And in medieval Europe the beetle was used in folk medicine, often times extracting the Oil obtained from the larvae and being used as a cure for scratches and other wounds as well rheumatism and anemia.

    Transformation and Resurrection

    The scarab beetle’s association with transformation and resurrection is a common thread throughout its history. In many cultures, the scarab’s ability to roll balls of dung across the ground and then lay its eggs within them was seen as a metaphor for transformation. This lowly creature demonstrated the power of life emerging from death and decay.

    In ancient China, the scarab symbolized the cycle of life, death, and rebirth. It was considered a representation of transformation and spiritual awakening.

    Similarly, in some Native American cultures, the scarab’s presence was believed to herald positive change and transformation. Among the Hopi tribe, the scarab beetle was considered a symbol of endurance, as it could thrive in harsh desert conditions.

    Scarabs in the Underworld

    The underworld often played a significant role in scarab mythology. Similar to Egyptians, in the Mayan culture, scarabs were associated with the Sun God Kinich Ahau and were also linked to the underworld and death. It was considered a guardian spirit that could ward off evil forces and ensure safe passage to the afterlife. By Using, amulets and talismans on the deceased, or in the tombs, for protection and guidance.

    Magical and Occult Significance

    Scarabs are also featured prominently in the realm of the occult. Throughout history, these beetles have been used in various magical and mystical practices. They were often carved into amulets, inscribed with symbols and spells, and worn for protection or to invoke specific energies.

    In Western esoteric traditions, scarabs have been associated with the concept of transformation and personal growth, as well as having the power to overcome obstacles. Spells and rituals involving scarab imagery are designed to help individuals break free from stagnation, achieve personal growth, and embrace change in their lives.

    For this, Its symbolism is also sometimes present in alchemical texts, where it is associated with the transformation of base substances into gold, reflecting the alchemical goal of achieving spiritual enlightenment and perfection.

    Modern Symbolism

    In modern times and popular culture, the scarab beetle still holds symbolic significance, although it may not be as widely recognized or revered as it once was.

    In music, We can see the rock band Journey, from the 80’s, used the scarab beetle as their main logo and in the cover art of the albums, including their greatest hits, departure and escape.

    In literature, P. G. Wodehouse’s first Blandings novel – Something Fresh (1915) – involves the pilfering of a rare Egyptian scarab (a “Cheops of the Fourth Dynasty”) as a key plot device.

    In film, we see In Stephen Sommers action adventure movie’ The Mummy (1999), the scarab is depicted as an ancient, deadly beetle, killing whatever or whoever it sees and eating it’s entire body, including the organs.

    And for lovers of Tarot, there is Lo Scarabeo, the Italian Tarot card making company based out of Torino, Italy. Scarabeo being the Italian word for Scarab. Here, you can find tarot cards, oracle cards and more.

    And in video games we see the scarab beetle in Tomb Raider, The last revelation from 1999, with Lara Croft being attacked throughout the game by deadly scarab beetles and also Scarabs being used as the monetary unit of planet Sauria (originally known as Dinosaur Planet) in the 2002 video game Star Fox Adventures.

    In Conclusion

    The scarab beetle’s mythological, historical, and occult significance is a testament to its enduring power as a symbol of transformation, rebirth, and protection. From ancient Egypt to distant cultures around the world, the scarab has been revered and respected for its connection to the cycles of life, death, and resurrection. Its mystical appeal persists even in the modern era, where it continues to inspire individuals seeking personal growth and transformation. The scarab beetle’s journey through human history is a reflection of the timeless fascination with the mysteries of life, death, and the forces that shape our existence.

    What does The Scarab Beetle symbol represent for you? Let us know in the comments below, share the article…and come back for the next one!

    Video version here:

    The Scarab Beetle: A Symbol of Mystery, Myth, and Magic

    Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri

    https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/khepri/

    https://www.britannica.com/topic/scarab

    https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=entomologypapers

    https://pixabay.com/videos/beetle-insect-bug-flowers-scarab-65825/

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    Symbolism and Esoteric Meanings of the Three Moons

    Three Moons and Triple Goddess

    Throughout human history, the moon has been a source of fascination, inspiration, and mystery. Its luminous presence in the night sky has sparked the imagination of poets, artists, and mystics, who often seek deeper, esoteric meanings in its phases and cycles.

    In this essay, we’ll delve into the symbolism and esoteric meanings of the three moons, embracing the possibilities of a world where celestial bodies transcend their natural roles to illuminate the realms of the mystical, the subconscious, and the transformative.

    The Triple Goddess is a symbol and archetype revered in many religious and mystical traditions. In common Pagan usage, the Triple Goddess is viewed as three distinct aspects, or figures, united in one being.

    These three figures are often described as the Maiden, the Mother, and the Crone, each symbolizing both a separate stage in the female life cycle and a phase of the Moon.

    Each of these aspects, ruling one of the realms of heavens, earth, and the underworld. In various traditions, her masculine consort is the Horned God.

    The Maiden represents enchantment, inception, expansion, the promise of new beginnings, birth, youth and youthful enthusiasm, the excitement of growth and learning, represented by the waxing moon.

    The Mother represents ripeness, fertility, sexuality, fulfillment, stability, nurturing, power, and peak of life’s abundance, represented by the full moon.

    The Crone represents wisdom, maturity, repose, death, endings, and the decrease of life’s energies as it prepares for transformation, represented by the waning moon.

    The Maiden, Mother, and Crone aspects of The Three Moons can be further expanded upon.

    Maiden

    The waxing crescent moon represents the young and adventurous spirit, curiosity, and the potential for new beginnings. It signifies the start of one’s inner journey.

    Mother

    The full moon symbolizes the height of one’s mystical power, abundance, and spiritual enlightenment. It represents the culmination of wisdom and nurturing energy.

    Crone

    The waning crescent moon signifies the deep wisdom that comes from experience and the ability to guide and heal others. It represents transformation and the release of the old to make way for the new.

    What is the historical source of the three moons symbolism?

    Historically, the moon has been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings, often tied to themes of femininity, cyclical events, illumination, and the passage of time. These interpretations have evolved over time and vary across different societies.

    While many cultures throughout history have assigned symbolism to the moon and its phases, the concept of three moons and their specific symbolic meanings is subjective and relate to inner mystical interpretations.

    To understand its significance in a specific context, it’s important to consider the cultural or personal background of the person using or displaying the symbol.

    For example, in Pagan and Witchcraft traditions, these aspects of the Triple Goddess represent the cycles of life, death, and rebirth, as well as the changing seasons and the phases of the moon.

    Various triple goddesses, or deities who appeared in groupings of 3, were known to ancient religions.

    Well-known examples include Tridevi (Saraswati, Lakshmi, Kali), Triglav (Slavs), the Charites (Graces), the Horae (Seasons, of which there were three in the ancient Hellenistic reckoning), and the Moirai (Fates). Some deities generally depicted as singular also included triple aspects. In Stymphalos, Hera was worshiped as a Girl, a Grown-up, and a Widow.

    According to some scholars, Hecate was the “original” and most predominant ancient triple moon goddess. Hecate was represented in triple form from the early days of her worship.

    Diana (Artemis) also came to be viewed as a trinity of three goddesses in one, which were viewed as distinct aspects of a single divine being: “Diana as huntress, Diana as the moon, Diana of the underworld.”

    The neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry was the first to record an explicit belief that the three aspects of Hecate represented the phases of the moon.

    Both Diana and Hecate were almost invariably described as maiden goddesses, with an appearance like that of a young woman.

    In ancient Greek mythology, the moon was associated with the goddess Selene, representing the moon’s feminine aspects and its connection to the night.

    The three Moirai or Fates, were regarded by the Orphic tradition as representing the three divisions of the Moon.

    The Moirai themselves are traditionally depicted as a young girl, or Spinner of the thread of life, an older woman, or Measurer, and an elderly woman, or Cutter, representing birth, active life, and death. The connection between the Fates and the variously named Triple Moon Goddess, then ultimately led to the creation of these concepts.

    The syncretism of the predominant triple moon goddess (a united figure of Diana/Hecate/Selene), combined with the Orphic belief that the Seasons and the Fates were divisions of this same divinity, along with the latter representing the three stages of life, ultimately gave rise to the modern conception of a Triple Goddess, whose symbol is the moon and whose triplicity can be conceived in terms of the moon’s phases as the “Maiden, Mother, and Crone”.

    However, it was not until the early 20th century that this fairly obscure ancient connection was developed and popularized.

    The concept of three moons with specific esoteric and symbolic meanings is often a product of cultural, religious, or philosophical beliefs, and it can evolve and adapt over time to serve different purposes and convey new meanings.

    Let’s delve into more detail about relevant sources of moon symbolism and how various cultures have interpreted the moon in their own unique ways.

    Ancient Egyptian Symbolism

    In ancient Egypt, the moon was associated with the god Thoth, who was the god of wisdom, writing, and the moon. Thoth was often depicted with the crescent moon on his head, linking the moon’s phases with knowledge and wisdom.

    Hindu Mythology

    The moon is associated with the god Chandra and is often seen as a symbol of the mind, emotions, and the reflective aspect of consciousness.

    Chinese Lunar Calendar

    The Chinese have a long history of lunar symbolism and use a lunar calendar. In Chinese culture, the moon is a symbol of yin energy.

    Each year is associated with one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac, and the lunar phases are also important for determining holidays like the Mid-Autumn Festival, celebrating unity and family reunion.

    The full moon during this festival is a symbol of family reunion and togetherness.

    Islamic Moon Symbolism

    The Islamic calendar is lunar-based, and the sighting of the crescent moon marks the beginning of important months, including Ramadan. The moon is often seen as a symbol of time and the passage of months.

    Native American Moon Symbolism

    The Ojibwe people have thirteen lunar months in their calendar, each named for a natural event or activity corresponding to that time of the year. This reflects their close connection with nature and its rhythms.

    In some Native American cultures, the moon is associated with cycles of nature, and each full moon is given a unique name to reflect the seasonal changes.

    Japanese Moon Symbolism

    Tsukimi, the Japanese Moon-Viewing Festival, celebrates the autumn full moon. The moon is associated with themes of beauty, impermanence, and the passing of time.

    It’s important to note that moon symbolism can vary significantly even within a single culture or tradition. Different historical periods, regions, and belief systems may emphasize distinct aspects of moon symbolism.

    The moon’s phases, including the full moon and new moon, have frequently been associated with cycles, renewal, and transformation.

    Alchemical and Esoteric Symbolism

    The moon is often associated with the concept of transformation, purification and the feminine principle. The alchemical symbol for silver is associated with the moon, and it is seen as a symbol of the mystical journey towards enlightenment.

    The three moons may symbolize the stages of alchemical transformation: Nigredo (the blackening), Albedo (the whitening), and Rubedo (the reddening). These stages represent the purification and transmutation of the soul or consciousness.

    Astrological Significance

    The moon represents emotions, intuition, and the subconscious. It may indicate a focus on these areas or a connection to the lunar cycles in one’s astrological chart, emphasizing the influence of the moon in a person’s life.

    Hermeticism and the Triad

    In Hermeticism, a threefold concept is significant. The three moons could represent the Hermetic principle “As above, so below; as below, so above.”

    This symbolizes the interconnectedness of the macrocosm (the universe) and microcosm (the individual), and the moons may represent different levels or dimensions of reality.

    The First Moon: The Physical Realm

    The first moon in this symbolic scenario represents the physical world. In esoteric traditions, the physical realm is often associated with the tangible and material aspects of existence. The first moon, therefore, symbolizes the material plane, where our earthly experiences and actions manifest. It represents the physical body, the five senses, and the world we perceive through them. The cycles and phases of this moon, mirror the ever-changing nature of the material world, with its cycles of birth, growth, decay, and renewal.

    The Second Moon: The Spiritual and Subconscious Realms

    The second moon represents the spiritual and subconscious realms, embodying the esoteric dimensions of human existence.

    This moon symbolizes the inner world, where thoughts, emotions, and spiritual growth take place. It reflects the ever-evolving landscape of our consciousness and the interconnectedness of all living beings. The phases of this moon might correspond to the stages of inner development, such as awakening, enlightenment, and transcendence.

    It is in the light of the second moon that we confront our inner demons, heal old wounds, and journey towards self-realization.

    The Third Moon: Transformation and Transcendence

    The third moon stands as the symbol of transformation and transcendence.

    In esoteric and mystical traditions, the concept of transcendence involves moving beyond the limitations of the physical and intangible worlds.

    This moon represents the bridge between the finite and the infinite, the known and the unknown. Its phases signify the transformative process of inner awakening and the eventual transcendence of human limitations.

    The third moon embodies the idea of union with the divine, becoming one with the cosmos, and experiencing a higher state of consciousness. It represents the culmination of the sacred journey.

    Interactions and Influences

    The first moon, the physical realm, is greatly affected by the second moon, the mystical and subconscious realms. The inner world shapes the outer reality, as our thoughts and emotions influence our actions and the events that unfold in our lives.

    In turn, the third moon, representing transformation and transcendence, influences both the physical and transcendent realms.

    This interaction inspires us to seek higher truths and embrace a deeper connection to the universe.

    Esoteric Meanings in Everyday Life

    While the idea of three moons may seem fantastical, the symbolism and esoteric meanings associated with them can offer valuable insights for our everyday lives. By contemplating on these concepts, we can better understand the interconnectedness of the physical, mystical, and transformative aspects of existence.

    In the end, this should be the goal of Esoteric Pragmatism!

    Balance and Harmony

    The three moons remind us of the importance of balance and harmony in our lives. We must strive to harmonize our material pursuits with our inner growth and transformational journeys.

    Self-Exploration

    Just as the second moon represents the inner world, we should dedicate time to self-exploration, understanding our emotions, thoughts, and higher aspirations. This self-awareness can lead to personal growth and healing.

    Transcendence

    The concept of transcendence encourages us to look beyond the mundane and embrace the extraordinary.

    It inspires us to seek deeper meanings in life and connect with something greater than ourselves.

    Esoteric Personal Interpretation

    The meaning of a three-moon symbol on a personal level can vary widely. It may represent an individual’s journey through different life phases or stages, such as childhood, adulthood, and old age.

    It could symbolize a connection to the moon’s energy and cycles, with each moon representing a particular aspect of one’s life or personal growth.

    Some esoteric interpretations associate the moon with psychic and intuitive abilities. The three moons may suggest a focus on developing or harnessing these hidden powers within oneself.

    The number three is considered sacred in many esoteric and mystical traditions. It symbolizes unity, creativity, divine harmony, completeness and the balance between opposites. The three moons may embody the power of this sacred number and the idea of creating balance and harmony.

    Alchemy and Inner Transformation

    The three moons can be seen as a reflection of the alchemical journey within, where each phase corresponds to an alchemical stage:

    Waxing Crescent: The stage of Calcination, representing the breaking down of the ego.

    Full Moon: The stage of Dissolution, signifying a sense of unity and enlightenment.

    Waning Crescent: The stage of Coagulation, symbolizing the reintegration of the self with newfound wisdom and understanding.

    Cycles of Initiation

    In mystical traditions, the three moons can signify the stages of initiation:

    The Waxing Crescent as the period of dedication and preparation.

    The Full Moon as the peak of initiation and revelation.

    The Waning Crescent as the phase of integration and mastery.

    Mystical Cosmic Order, Time and Space

    The phases represent a harmonious and cyclical cosmic order, with each moon embodying a unique aspect of that order, the interconnectedness of time and space in mystical experiences. Each phase may represent a different dimension or state of consciousness, and the symbol may signify the ability to navigate these realms.

    Rebirth and Renewal

    The three moons can also represent the idea of rebirth and renewal, much like the cycles of the moon itself. It symbolizes the potential for constant renewal and transformation on one’s mystical path.

    Alignment with Lunar Energies

    Mystical practitioners often work with lunar energies for rituals and meditation. The three moons may signify a deep attunement to and alignment with these energies, allowing for enhanced mystical experiences.

    Overall, the meaning of a three-moon symbol is open to interpretation and can be deeply personal or rooted in cultural and mythological traditions.

    It often symbolizes aspects of life, nature, and mysticism, and its significance can vary from person to person. Understanding the symbol’s meaning may require considering the individual’s beliefs, cultural background, or context in which it is used.

    What does The Three-Moon symbol represent for you? Let us know in the comments below, share the article…and come back for the next one!

    Video version here:

    The Three Moons – Myth and Symbolism

    Interesting sources, additional info, other points of views, additional images, credits and attributions here:

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    The Black Cat – Myth and Symbolism

    The Black Cat

    The black cat has long been associated in various cultures with mystery, the unknown and the hidden, linking it to so-called occult, esoteric or secretive practices, such as alchemy, tarot or witchcraft.

    Like many other symbols in alchemy, the black cat carries a complex and multi-layered set of meanings that draw from various mythological, cultural, and esoteric sources. Its symbolism is multifaceted, often carrying both positive and negative connotations. In these contexts, the black cat is a powerful and enigmatic symbol that represents the mysterious, the hidden, and the transformative.

    Alchemy

    In alchemical tradition, the black cat is often associated with the concept of transformation, transmutation, and the mysterious journey of the alchemical process. This feline symbol is a fascinating representation of the duality of light and darkness, good and evil, and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment through inner and outer transformations.

    One of the primary aspects of the black cat’s symbolism in alchemy is its connection to the idea of the prima materia or the initial substance from which all things are derived. In this context, the black cat represents the chaotic, undifferentiated state of matter and consciousness that is the starting point of the alchemical journey.

    The black cat’s color is also a crucial element of symbolism in alchemy regarding negrido, or the initial, stage which represents putrefaction and decay, the breaking down of the old to make way for the new. The cat’s dark fur mirrors the darkness of the negrido, where the impurities of the soul are confronted and released. In this context, it embodies the chaotic and disordered state that must be overcome to achieve enlightenment and transmutation. It signifies the need to confront and embrace one’s inner darkness before true spiritual growth can occur. In this way, the cat’s presence is a reminder that transformation often begins in the darkest and most challenging moments of life.

    The black color is also indicative of the enigma of the spirit’s return voyage back to the physical realm.

    It embodies the darkness of the unknown and the unconscious, where the alchemist begins the work of transmutation. This phase is crucial for the alchemist to face their inner darkness and explore the hidden depths of their psyche, much like the cat’s nocturnal prowling in the shadows. The black cat, with it’s affinity for the night, becomes a guide through the darkness, helping the alchemist navigate to the uncharted territory of the mind.

    Witchcraft

    The cat’s association with witches and the supernatural also adds depth to its symbolism in alchemy and it’s mysteriousness. In medieval and Renaissance Europe, black cats were often linked to witches, sorcery and the occult, serving as a familiar to those who practice magic and mysticism.

    It is considered a guardian of esoteric secrets and a creature that can move between the physical and spiritual realms. The cat’s ability to see in the dark is a metaphor for the insight and understanding required to navigate the mysteries of the unseen world. The cat’s presence is a symbol of a deep connection to the supernatural and a guide to the realms of the unknown. The cat’s mysterious and independent nature, along with its nocturnal habits, made it a convenient symbol for those practicing the hidden arts.

    Esoteric and occult texts frequently depict the black cat as a symbol of the occult and hidden knowledge.

    The duality of the black cat’s symbolism is reflective of the broader themes found in esoteric and occult traditions. It embodies the idea that light and dark, positive and negative, masculine and feminine are intertwined and necessary for spiritual growth and transformation. The black cat encourages indivduals to confront their fears, explore the hidden aspects of themselves, and seek knowledge and enlightenment in the depths of the unknown.

    Philosophers Stone

    In some alchemical traditions, the black cat is seen as a guardian of the philosopher’s stone, a mythical substance that represents the culmination of the alchemical work and the transmutation of base metals into gold, both literally and metaphorically. The cat’s role as a guardian underscores its connection to the secrets and mysteries of the alchemical process. Just as the cat is elusive and enigmatic, the philosopher’s stone is often described as something that can only be discovered by those who are truly ready for the profound transformation it represents.

    The moon

    The cat’s association with the moon is another layer of its symbolism in alchemy. The moon, with its cyclical phases, has long been associated with the feminine, intuition, and the realm of the unconscious. In alchemy, the moon is often connected to the silver aspect of the philosopher’s stone, which represents the receptive, nurturing, and reflective qualities of the soul. The cat’s affinity for the night and its connection to the moon further align it with the lunar and feminine aspects of alchemical symbolism.

    In alchemical art and symbolism, the black cat can often be found in conjunction with other symbols, such as the ouroboros (a serpent eating its tail) and the alchemical flask. These combinations emphasize the cat’s role in the cyclical and transformative nature of alchemy. The cat may be depicted within the ouroboros, symbolizing the perpetual cycle of transformation, or near the alchemical flask, suggesting its involvement in the processes of purification and distillation.

    Tarot

    In tarot, we can see the black cat on the Queen of Wands, signifying the hidden and intuitive side of the Queen, but also implying that she has a more secretive and dark side to her. She has a “hidden” self, which cannot be easily accessed, albeit by her, and her secrets, both dark secrets of the human psyche, as well as hidden truths, are well guarded by the cat sitting at her feet.

    Negative symbolism

    The black cat is burdened by the stigma brought on by old superstitions, folklore and myths. It was often seen as a symbol of bad luck, especially in Western superstitions. This negative perception may be linked to its nocturnal nature, which is associated with the unknown and the fear of the dark.

    Black cats were thought to be shapeshifters, moving between worlds unannounced and unseen.

    In the middle Ages, black cats were noted for being associated with demons. In fact, Pope Gregory IX claimed that all cats were demonic and the ritual killing of cats took place on a regular basis throughout England and Europe. It wasn’t until later that historians later theorirized that had there been more cats, the bubonic Plague may have been less devastating than it had been.

    In 16th century Italy, people believed that if someone was sick he would die if a black cat lay on his bed.

    Even today, black cats are the least likely to be adopted from shelters, taking much longer to be adopted out. And some shelters will not adopt out black cats during Halloween in order to protect them from sacrificial rituals.

    Positive symbolism

    In ancient Egypt the Godess Bastet was very closely associated with cats, bringing protection to anyone worshipping her. The Goddess protected the home, warded off negative spirits, kept illness away and protected children, pregnant women and those in childbirth. The color black for the Egyptians symbolized the cycle of life, from birth to life to death, the underworld, and resurrection.

    In Hinduism, goddess Mata Shasti Devi, venerated in Nepal and India, is similar to Bastet in that she was a protector of fertility, childbirth, and children. As well, she protected the home from disease and illness.

    In other cultures, such as Japanese folklore, the black cat is considered a symbol of good luck, prosperity and protection, often times seen upon entrance to a shop or public place.

    Many seafarers, such as the Vikings or sailors from Ireland and England would keep acat on their vessel to protect against disease by killing off the rodents, but also to reduce rats and mice that would chew on ship ropes or eat the grains on board. Black cats especially, however, were thought to bring good luck and protect the ships from dangerous weather. One particular black cat names Tiddles, was famous aboard the Royal Navy’s aircraft carriers. He eventually travelled over 30,000 miles (48,000 km) during his time in service.

    In Scottish and Irish folklore, having a black cat arrive on your doorstep is a sign of prosperity and good luck.

    However, Things may be improving for black cats overall.

    Fame and black cats

    Black cats today still captivate their audiences to the point of making it to the big screen. In 1961, an audition sought to cast a black cat for a movie adaption from the book Tales of Terror written by Edgar Allen Poe. This resulted in a lineup of over 150 black cats in the middle of Hollywood.

    We even have other famous black cats in films, in books, on TV, in magazines, made into artwork and staues including:

    Mr Kittles from Scary movie 2 2001

    Thackery Binx from Hocus Pocus (1993)

    Jiji from Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989)

    Winkie from the 1975 Walt Disney movie, “Escape to Witch Mountain.”

    And around the world, black cats have also contributed to success of their owners.

    The black cat well in Zell, Germany was erected after bringing success to the owners’ wine business.

    Humans now go to great lengths to rescue these loving creatures from accidents, such as the case with Oscar, the black cat who had two prostetic legs made to replace the legs he lost in an accident.

    In conclusion, the black cat holds a prominent place in alchemy, esoteric and occult texts, and history and symbolizes the mysterious, the hidden, and the transformative. In alchemy, the black cat represents the initial stage of nigredo, symbolizing the need to confront inner darkness before spiritual transformation. In the realm of esoteric and occult texts, the black cat is a symbol of hidden knowledge, serving as a guide to the supernatural and the unseen. Its symbolism is a testament to the dual nature of existence, where light and darkness are intertwined on the path to enlightenment and self-discovery. Like the alchemical process itself, the black cat represents a journey from darkness to light, from the unknown to the known, and from base matter to spiritual gold.

    So, Do you know a black cat? Or are you a black cat lover? What experiences have you had with black cats, or are you superstitious about black cats? We’d love to hear about your black cats thoughts in the comments below, thanks for sharing!

    Video version here:

    The Black Cat – Myth and Symbolism

    Interesting sources, additional info, other points of views, additional images, credits and attributions here:

    https://www.uniguide.com/black-cat-meaning

    https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/black-cat-audition-hollywood/

    https://moviepaws.com/2017/10/27/top-13-black-cats-in-horror-movies/

    https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarze_Katz

    Oscar, the black cat with new legs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzlahV0BwgQ

    Black cat video: Igor Zhorov @vecteezy.com