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LESSER KNOWN IMMORTALS IN HISTORY: A CROSS-CULTURAL EXPLORATION

Lesser Known Immortals In History - A Cross-Cultural Exploration

The concept of immortality has fascinated humanity since ancient times, appearing across diverse cultures, mythologies, and traditions.

From deified heroes of Greek mythology to eternally living sages in Hindu scriptures and alchemists of old, the notion of transcending death has inspired countless legends, beliefs and even historical claims of immortality.

These figures represent diverse traditions, ranging from transcendence to divine intervention and mythical quests.

As we continue to explore scientific possibilities for extending human lifespan, these ancient and historical narratives of immortality remain relevant, reminding us that the quest for eternal life is among humanity’s oldest and most persistent ambitions—one that continues to shape our understanding of existence.

This analysis examines some of the most notable immortal figures from various sources, exploring their purported paths to immortality, cultural significance, and the enduring impact of these narratives on human imagination.

Greek Deified Mortals and Immortals – Heroes Elevated to Divine Status

Ancient Greek religion featured numerous mortals who achieved immortality through various means. This transformation, termed “apotheosis,” was granted to exceptional individuals who demonstrated heroic qualities or received divine favor.

One of the most celebrated examples is Heracles (Hercules), whose remarkable labors and good deeds to mankind earned him immortality.

Archaeological discoveries have fueled speculation about a historical figure behind the Heracles myth, with archaeologists claiming evidence of his tomb in the Peloponnese area.

Asclepius represents another fascinating case of deification. This Thessalian physician possessed such exceptional healing abilities that he could supposedly resurrect the dead.

This power, transgressing natural order, provoked Zeus to strike him down with a thunderbolt. However, Asclepius’s father Apollo later recovered him from the underworld and brought him to Mount Olympus as a god. His story illustrates both the Greek belief in potential immortality and the perceived dangers of going beyond mortal limitations.

The process of achieving immortality in Greek tradition followed several pathways. Some received this gift as reward for doing good to humanity, others through marriage to Gods, and some by chance or circumstance.

In some accounts, Ariadne, a Cretan princess abandoned by Theseus on Naxos, achieved immortality through marriage to Dionysus, who brought her to Mount Olympus as his divine spouse.

Similarly, Aristaeus, who invented beekeeping and olive oil production techniques, received immortality for his contributions to human civilization.

Resurrection and Physical Immortality

Ancient Greek religious beliefs included concepts of physical resurrection and immortality that predate similar Christian doctrines. Achilles, after his death, was reportedly rescued from his funeral pyre by his divine mother Thetis and granted immortal existence in Elysium, the Islands of the Blessed.

Memnon, an Ethiopian king, was considered immortal during his life and regarded as inferior only to Achilles in warrior prowess. His death at Achilles’ hands is recounted in the lost epic Aethiopis.

Amphiaraus, a seer, experienced a distinctive transformation to immortality. When fleeing during a war, the earth opened and swallowed him. Rather than dying, he was transformed into a prophetic spirit presiding over a subterranean oracle, achieving a form of immortality through this metamorphosis into a chthonic hero.

Tithonus is a figure in Greek mythology known for being granted immortality by Zeus but not eternal youth. He was a Trojan prince, the lover of the Goddess Eos (Aurora in Roman mythology), and became cursed with perpetual old age and weakness.

Greek attitudes toward resurrection were generally ambivalent or negative, with immortality considered neither universally desirable nor possible for ordinary mortals.

The philosopher Plutarch openly scorned such beliefs, writing that deifying “creatures naturally mortal” represented “improbabilities” promoted by “fabulous writers”.

This skepticism highlights the tension between popular religious beliefs and philosophical thought regarding immortality in ancient Greece.

Hindu Immortals and Chiranjivi

Hindu scriptures describe eight notable immortals known as Chiranjivi (literally “forever living”) who continue to exist through the ages.

Unlike Greek deified mortals, these figures obtained immortality through various divine interventions, blessings, or curses, and many are believed to still walk the Earth today.

Lord Hanuman is perhaps the most widely worshipped immortal in Hindu tradition. As per Hindu scriptures, he is believed to live eternally and will survive even after the Kalpa (destruction of the universe). His immortality serves as a testament to his unwavering devotion and represents the eternal nature of true selfless service.

Historical Figures Associated With Immortality

Throughout history, various individuals have claimed immortality or had such claims attributed to them. These cases offer fascinating insights into human psychology and the enduring appeal of transcending death.

The Count of St. Germain – The Enigmatic Alchemist

One of history’s most enigmatic figures associated with immortality is the Count of St. Germain, an 18th-century European courtier, adventurer, and alleged alchemist.

Described by Voltaire as “a man who knows everything and who never dies,” he frequented 18th-century royal courts, displaying expertise in alchemy, diplomacy and languages.

Myths and legends about St. Germain proliferated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including beliefs that he possessed the “Elixir of Life” and never aged.

Contemporary accounts described his youthful appearance despite his apparent advanced age, noting that his skin “seemed not to have experienced the passage of time”.

He looked no older than 45 despite claims of having witnessed events centuries prior.

His avoidance of public meals and reliance on a mysterious “elixir” further solidified his reputation as an alchemist who had unlocked eternal life.

The mystery deepened with conflicting reports of his death. According to some official records, he died in Eckenförde, Germany in 1784, yet no tombstone bearing his name exists there.

Sightings persisted for over a century. He was reportedly seen during the French Revolution (1789), and at the Congress of Vienna (1815).

Historians attribute his longevity to skillful disguise and myth, and the lack of definitive evidence keeps the legend alive.

Qin Shi Huang’s Quest for Eternal Life

China’s first emperor, Qin Shi Huang, is renowned for unifying China, building the Great Wall, and commissioning the Terracotta Army.

Less well-known is his obsessive pursuit of immortality.

According to legend, he dispatched his servant Xu Fudong eastward with thousands of people to discover the secret of eternal life.

This expedition never returned to China, with some legends claiming they discovered and populated Japan.

Despite his extensive efforts and the beliefs of his followers who considered him immortal, Qin Shi Huang died at age 50 in 210 BCE from a sudden illness.

His pursuit of immortality reflects the common human desire to extend life indefinitely and the lengths to which powerful individuals might go to achieve this goal.

Cartaphilus and Christian Traditions

Christian apocryphal traditions include immortal human figures cursed with physical immortality for transgressions against Christ.

One notable example is Cartaphilus (The Wandering Jew), a mythical immortal man whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century. In the original legend, he was a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the Earth until the Second Coming.

This concept of immortality as punishment rather than reward demonstrates the complexity of eternal life as a philosophical and theological concept.

Al-Khidr

In Sufi Islamic tradition, Al-Khidr is considered an immortal prophet or servant of God. He is also described as an angel or a wali, who guards the sea and teaches secret knowledge and aids those in distress.

He is also often depicted as a guide for other prophets, teaching those who seek divine wisdom.

Mahavatar Babaji

Mahavatar Babaji is a mystical figure in Indian tradition, believed to have lived for thousands of years. He is said to have manifested in 203 BCE and continues to exist in his physical body, residing in the Himalayas. Babaji is associated with Kriya Yoga and is revered as an eternal yogi.

Nicolas Flamel – The Immortal Scribe

A real French scribe, manuscript seller and alchemist from the 14th century, Nicolas Flamel is rumored to have discovered the Philosopher’s Stone and achieved immortality. Though records show he died in 1418, legends claim sightings of him centuries later.

By the 17th century, rumors circulated that Flamel and his wife Perenelle had been sighted in India and Turkey, preserved by the Stone’s elixir.

Flamel’s association with immortality stems from his 15th-century alchemical text, Livre des figures hiéroglyphiques.

Though modern scholars dismiss it as allegorical, the work fueled speculation that he had transcended death.

Sir Galahad

According to the legend, among the knights of King Arthur’s Round Table, Sir Galahad found the Holy Grail.

He is often depicted as being taken to paradise by angels after his death, which can be interpreted as a form of mystical immortality or a higher state of existence beyond earthly life.

In some versions, he may be physically transported to another realm or his body is left behind and later buried, granting him eternal life in heaven.

Gilgamesh

He was possibly a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was posthumously deified.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, the most complete account of Gilgamesh’s adventures, was composed in Akkadian during the Middle Babylonian Period.

In the epic, Gilgamesh is described as being “two thirds divine and one third mortal”.

It relates how Gilgamesh, driven by grief and fear of his own mortality, undertakes a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life, overcoming many obstacles to find the home of Utnapishtim, the sole survivor of the Great Flood, who was rewarded with immortality by the Gods.

Gilgamesh learns from him that “Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the Gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands”.

Dashi-Dorzho Itigelov – The Incorruptible Lama

A Russian Buddhist monk, Itigelov predicted his own death in 1927 and entered deep meditation before passing away.

His body was exhumed 75 years later, found remarkably preserved, seated in lotus position, with flexible joints and intact skin.

Buddhist adherents view Itigelov’s preservation as evidence of tukdam, a meditative state between life and death.

Scientists were unable to explain the phenomenon, and had documented the body’s stability under fluctuating temperatures and humidity.

Though not “immortal” in the traditional sense, Itigelov’s case challenges conventional understanding of decomposition and has been cited in studies on bioresistance.

Li Ching-Yuen: The 256-Year-Old Herbalist

Li Ching-Yuen, a Chinese herbalist, was born in 1677 and allegedly lived 256 years.

While birth records from the Qing Dynasty are unreliable, Chinese authorities reportedly documented his age in 1933, attributing his longevity to a diet of herbs like goji berries and lingzhi mushroom.

A 1928 New York Times article featured interviews with Li’s neighbors, who claimed he had outlived 23 wives.

Though modern gerontologists dismiss his age as implausible, his case underscores historical interest in extreme longevity.

Jeanne Calment: The Validated Supercentenarian

Jeanne Calment (1875–1997) holds the verified record for the longest human lifespan: 122 years and 164 days.

Unlike others on this list, Calment never claimed immortality.

Her documented age—confirmed by birth certificates, census records, and eyewitnesses—provides a scientific benchmark for human longevity.

Calment’s long life was attributed to genetics (her family members lived into their 90s), a Mediterranean diet, and regular physical activity, including fencing until the age of 85.

According to some researchers, her case dispels immortality myths while demonstrating the limits of human lifespan under optimal conditions.

The Line Between Legend and Reality

These cases reveal how historical figures leveraged mystery, science, and mysticism to cultivate an aura of immortality.

While none provide conclusive evidence of eternal life, they reflect humanity’s persistent quest to overcome mortality—whether through alchemy, meditation, or medicine. Modern science continues to explore these frontiers, with research into cryonics, telomere extension, and metabolic therapies.

The diverse traditions of immortality across cultures reveal both the universal human desire to transcend death and the varied cultural expressions of this longing.

From Greek heroes elevated to divinities, to Hindu sages blessed with eternal life, and historical figures claiming immortality, these narratives continue to captivate human imagination and inspire research.

These accounts reveal humanity’s enduring fascination with transcending mortality and what may lie beyond this plane of existence.

What do you think about Immortals and the Human Quest for Eternal Life? Let us know in the comment section and share the post!!!

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Lesser Known Immortals In History – A Cross-Cultural Exploration


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Links and References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaeus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiaraus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjivi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_St._Germain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Jew

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Flamel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashi-Dorzho_Itigilov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Calment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_immortal_in_myth_and_legend

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longevity_myths

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3062986/

https://listverse.com/2013/05/28/10-notable-people-thought-to-be-immortal/


PICS:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Calment#/media/File:JeanneCalmentaged40.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis#/media/File:Veronese-Triomphe_de_Venise.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles#/media/File:Mosaic_with_the_Labors_of_Hercules,_3rd_century_AD,_found_in_Lliria_(Valencia),_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain,_Madrid_(15457108142).jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius#/media/File:Asklepios_-_Epidauros.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne#/media/File:Titian_Bacchus_and_Ariadne.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malarz_francuski_XIX_wiek_-_Aristaeus_and_dead_bees_-_M.Ob.2034_MNW_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles#/media/File:Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnon#/media/File:Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiaraus#/media/File:Amfiaros,_Nordisk_familjebok.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E_and_T.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjivi#/media/File:A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_St._Germain#/media/File:Count_of_St_Germain.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang#/media/File:QinShiHuang19century.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_Jew#/media/File:Wandering_jew_-_Gustave_Dor%C3%A9.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr#/media/File:Khidr.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji#/media/File:Babaji-transparent.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Flamel#/media/File:Nicolas_Flamel_Histoire_critique.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad#/media/File:Sir_Galahad_(Watts).jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh#/media/File:Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashi-Dorzho_Itigilov#/media/File:Itigelov.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen#/media/File:Li_chingYuen.jpeg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch#/media/File:Plutarch_of_Chaeronea-03_(cropped).jpg

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/hanuman-ramayana-monkey-rama-8783409

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-count-of-st-germain-7867107

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_a_member_of_the_so-called_Immortals,_the_1000_special_royal_guards._Glazed_brick._From_the_East_Gate_of_the_Palace_at_Susa,_Iran._Achaemenid_period,_521-500_BCE._British_Museum.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality#/media/File:Fountain_of_Eternal_Life_crop.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality#/media/File:Holbein_Danse_Macabre_3.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality#/media/File:Ankh.svg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Immortality#/media/File:Corona_immortalitatis.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Immortality#/media/File:Sainte_Blandine_patronne_des_servantes_(…)_bpt6k6350834v-1.jpg

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/desert-fathers-desert-monks-desert-8838926

https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/01/20/i-met-the-oldest-woman-in-the-worldwho-shared-her-memories-of-van-gogh-in-arles

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NARAKAS – THE 28 HELLS OF HINDU COSMOLOGY – REALMS OF SUFFERING AND REDEMPTION

Narakas - The 28 Hells of Hindu Cosmology - Realms of Suffering and Redemption

In the vast and intricate web of Hindu cosmology, beyond the material world and hidden in the depths of Patala, lie the 28 Narakas.

The hellish realms of suffering, which serve as places where the soul undergoes purification before its next birth. These are not eternal damnations rather temporary realms of retribution, where the consequences of one’s actions (Karma) are met with precise and fitting punishments.

These 28 Narakas are described in several Hindu scriptures, including the Bhagavata Purana, Agni Purana , Garuda Purana, Vishnu Purana, Vedas, Upanishads and Manusmriti among other texts and are not limited to only 28. Additional sources list multiple hells.

The 28 discussed here today can be found in the Srimad Bhagavatam.

Each realm is uniquely horrifying, designed to reflect the nature of the sins committed by the soul. Those who commit acts of violence, deceit, greed, or cruelty find themselves subjected to tortures that mirror their wrongdoings.

Whether it is drowning in rivers of blood, being devoured by demonic hounds, or impaled on flaming spears, each punishment is a direct consequence of one’s misdeeds.

But before we continue exploring the terrifying depths of Naraka, make sure to like, subscribe, and hit the notification bell so you don’t miss any deep dives into esoteric wisdom and ancient mysteries. Now, let’s descend into the underworld…

Hell can be found in between the three worlds, in the south below the earth and a little above the causal waters below Pâtâlaloka.

Presiding over these shadowy domains is Yama, the god of death and justice. He is also known as Dharma Raja (Lord of Righteousness). Yama is tasked with maintaining the cosmic balance by ensuring that every soul receives its due rewards and punishments. His kingdom, Yamaloka, is the gateway to the afterlife, where souls are judged based on their earthly deeds.

Assisting him in this divine judgment is Chitragupta, the celestial scribe and record-keeper of karma. Every thought, word, and action of a being is meticulously recorded in his Agrasandhanī (eternal register) When a soul arrives at Yama’s court, Chitragupta presents a detailed account of its past life, determining whether it will ascend to Svarga (the heavens), return to the earthly realm, or descend into Naraka (hells) for purification.

Unlike the Christian or Islamic concept of an eternal hell, Naraka is a transitory realm, where sinners suffer until their karmic debts are repaid, after which they are reborn into the cycle of samsara (reincarnation), sometimes even being reborn into a lower form of existence, to continue its karmic journey. Thus, these realms are not only about suffering but also about cosmic justice and moral realignment.

Some believe that Naraka exists in unseen astral planes, while others interpret it as the psychological suffering one undergoes due to guilt and unresolved karma.

Despite what we believe, These texts leave us with a mystery to unravel.

So lets have a look at The 28 Narakas and Their Descriptions

Each Naraka is associated with specific sins and punishments which is briefly described.

1. Tamisra (Darkness)

Sin: Anyone who steals someone else’s money, wife, or children

Punishment: They are thrown into blinding darkness and suffer extreme torment, being deprived of food and water and left starving, while being beaten with sticks and yelled at by the Yamadhutas , the agents of Yama . The pain and punishment can become so unbearable that they may even lose consciousness from sheer agony. After regaining consciousness, they are beaten again. This continues until the karmic debt is paid.

2. Andhatamisra (Blind Darkness)

Sin: Anyone who slyly cheats someone to gain their money, wife, children or possessions.

Punishment: The sinful living being is subjected to extreme miseries and pain so much that he loses intelligence and sight, becoming blind and becoming similar to a tree cut down by it’s roots.

3. Raurava (Torment of the Wicked)

Sin: Commiting violent or cruel acts against many living entities.

Punishment: These living entities are transformed into animals called rurus, that torture and inflict great pain on the sinful living being.

4. Maharaurava (Greater Torment)

Sin: A person who maintains his own body by hurting others

Punishment: He is put into this hell and is Devoured by 0:05:58.515 flesh eating animals called kravyādas 0:06:03.046

5. Kumbhipaka, The hell of the cooking pot (Boiling in Oil)

Sin: Killing or harming animals for pleasure and cooking poor land or sea animals alive.

Punishment: These living beings are thrown into a large pot and are boiled in hot oil.

6. Kalasutra (Hot Wire Hell)

Sin: Anyone who kills a Brahmin.

Punishment: The sinful living being is thrown into a hell which the surface is made of copper. Heated from below by fire and from above by the scorching sun, the copper surface of this planet is extremely hot. He is burned internally from hunger and thirst and externally from heat. He is sometimes sitting or lying down or having to run here and there for the duration of as many thousands of years as there are hairs on the body of an animal.

7. Asipatravana (Forest of Swords)

Sin: A person unnecessarily deviated from his path of self-realization and yielded to hypocrisy.

Punishment: He is beat him with whips and he runs all around trying to flee from the extreme pain, but on all sides he runs into two-edged razor sharp palm leaves and is body is cut to shreds.

8. Sukaramukha (Crushing Jaws)

Sin: anyone in this life who is a politician (king) or servant of the king or government representative inflicts punishment upon an innocent man or a Brahmin.

Punishment: Being crushed alive until he faints, as the most powerful assistants of Yamarāja crush him exactly as one crushes sugarcane to squeeze out the juice.

9. Andhakupa (Well of Darkness)

Sin: Harming animals, insects, birds or lower forms of life that are unaware that they do harm to humans.

Punishment: Therein will that person indeed fall down according the evil he did to them, the respective entities, the animals, wild beasts, birds, snakes, mosquitos, lice, worms and flies and whatever others; just as the ones with their inferior body will he in the darkness be persecuted, hurt and disturbed by them everywhere and wander around not being able to find a place to rest.

10. Krimibhojana (Worm Food)

Sin: Anyone who eats but does not share food or neglects offering some food as a sacrifice to the Gods, needy, animals, wise and ancestors.

Punishment: He is thrown into a lake of worms and becomes a worm himself, to eat and be eaten by other worms.

11. Sandaṁśa (tong’s hell)

    Sin: Anyone who steals gold, gems, or valuables from a Brahmin or others through theft or violence, without any justification, commits a grave offense of greed and dishonesty.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Sandamśa, the “tongs hell,” where Yamarâja’s enforcers force them to hold red-hot iron balls, and then tear off their skin with burning tongs, making them suffer for their greed and wrongdoing.

    12. Taptasurmi (Burning Pillars)

    Sin: Any man or woman who engages in illicit sexual relations, disregarding moral and legal boundaries, indulges in desires that lead to dishonor and wrongdoing.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Taptasûrmi, the hell of “the red-hot iron statue,” where they are whipped and forced to embrace a burning-hot iron figure—a man for women and a woman for men—suffering unbearable pain as a consequence of their actions.

    13. Vajrakantaka-salmali (Thorny Tree Torture)

    Sin: Anyone who engages in indiscriminate and immoral sexual relations, including acts against nature, violates fundamental ethical and spiritual principles.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Vajrakanthaka-Śālmali, the hell of “the thunderbolt-thorn cotton tree,” where they are hung on razor-sharp thorns and pulled down repeatedly, suffering excruciating pain as retribution for their actions.

    14. Vaitarani (River of Filth)

    Sin: Those who were born into royalty or government positions but abused their power, ignored their duties as rulers, and acted unjustly. They broke the rules of righteousness (dharma) and will, after death, end up in Vaitaraṇī, the river of torment.

    Punishment: As a result, they fall into a river filled with filth—stool, urine, pus, blood, hair, nails, bones, marrow, flesh, and fat—where ferocious animals attack and devour them. Their sins keep them from dying easily, forcing them to remain conscious and suffer endlessly while being reminded of their misdeeds.

    15. Puyodaka (Well of Putrid Water)

    Sin: People who abandoned cleanliness, self-discipline, and good behavior, living shamelessly like animals, and who have violated the principles of a regulated life.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Pûyoda, the hell of “fetid waters,” where they are submerged in an ocean filled with pus, excrement, urine, mucus, and saliva, forced to survive only on the most disgusting substances.

    16. Pranarodha (Torture Chamber)

    Sin: Those who belong to the Brahminical order but keep dogs or donkeys and take pleasure in hunting animals, violating sacred rules, act against their dharma.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Prânarodha, the hell of “suppression of breath,” where Yamarâja’s men hunt them down and pierce them with arrows, making them suffer as they once made innocent animals suffer.

    17. Visasana (Slaughter House)

    Sin: Those who, driven by pride in their wealth and status, kill animals in sacrifices merely to showcase their prestige violate the principles of compassion and righteousness. .

    Punishment: After death, they are cast into Viśasana, the hell of “sleeplessness,” where Yamarâja’s helpers torment them relentlessly and cut them into pieces, forcing them to endure the suffering they inflicted on innocent creatures.

    18. Lalabhaksha (Molten Metal Feast)

    Sin: A man of the higher classes (dvija) who, overcome by lust, forces his wife of the same caste to drink his semen acts against moral and spiritual principles.

    Punishment: As a result of this sin, he will be condemned to Lâlâbhaksha, the hell of “semen for food,” where he will be thrown into a river of semen and forced to drink it himself.

    19. Sarameyadana (Hounds of Hell)

    Sin: Those who, as thieves, commit arson, use poison, or plunder villages, along with corrupt merchants, rulers, and officials who support such crimes, betray justice and morality.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Sârameyâdana, the hell of “the dog’s meal,” where they are torn apart and devoured by 720 ferocious, sharp-toothed dogs under the command of the Yamadûtas.

    20. Avicimat (No Escape)

    Sin: A person who lies or gives false testimony in business, charity, or other matters deceives others and acts dishonestly, breaks oaths, or betrays.

    Punishment: After death, they are cast into Avīcimat, the hell of “having no water,” where they are thrown headfirst from the top of a mountain 100 yojanas high. Upon hitting the arid, stone-covered ground, their body shatters, but they do not die—instead, they are dragged back to the top and thrown down again in an endless cycle of suffering.

    21. Ayahpana (Iron Drink)

    Sin: A Brahmin or his wife who drinks soma-rasa improperly, or a ruler or merchant who, despite taking a vow, consumes alcohol in delusion, violates sacred duties and self-discipline.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Ayahpâna, the hell of “drinking iron,” where they are pinned down with a foot on their chest and have molten iron poured into their mouths as punishment for their transgression.

    22. Ksarakardama (Swamp of Slime)

    Sin: A person of low birth or degraded character who, out of false pride, fails to show respect to those of higher birth, wisdom, virtue, and discipline disregards the natural order and principles of humility.

    Punishment: After death, they are cast headfirst into Kshârakardama, the hell of “the pool of acrid mud,” where they endure excruciating torment in its burning, corrosive filth.

    23. Raktaksha (Blood Lake)

    Sin: Men who sacrifice other people in worship of Kālī and women who consume human flesh commit acts of extreme violence and cruelty, violating the fundamental laws of morality and compassion.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Rakshogana-bhojana, the hell of “being the food of the devil,” where they are slaughtered like animals by fierce Rākshasas, who cut them to pieces, drink their blood, and celebrate their suffering just as the sinners once did themselves.

    24. Sulaprota (Impaled on Spikes)

    Sin: Those who deceive innocent animals by making them feel safe, only to harm them for entertainment—whether by piercing their bodies, restraining them, or tormenting them—inflict unnecessary cruelty on helpless creatures.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to S’ûlaprota, the hell of “pierced by the pike,” where their own bodies are impaled and restrained in the same way. Starving and thirsty, they are relentlessly attacked by sharp-beaked birds like herons and vultures, suffering the same agony they once inflicted.

    25. Dandasuka (Serpent Torture)

    Sin: Men who, like venomous snakes, harm others without reason, acting out of sheer malice and cruelty, cause unnecessary suffering in the world.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Dandaśūka, the hell of “the cudgel in return,” where five- and seven-hooded serpents rise before them and devour them like mice, making them experience the same fear and pain they inflicted on others.

    26. Avatha nirodhana – (to be thrown in the dark)

    Sin: Someone who in this life confines living beings either in blind wells, in granaries or in caves.

    Punishment: will likewise in their next life be forced to enter the same places, to be locked up there with poisonous fumes, fire and smoke.

    27. Paryavartana (Turned to Ash)

    Sin: A householder who, instead of welcoming guests with kindness, greets them with anger and hostility, glaring at them as if to burn them with his eyes, fails in his duty of hospitality and compassion.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Paryâvartana, the hell of “the eyes plucked,” where herons, vultures, and crows mercilessly tear out their eyes with their powerful beaks, making them suffer the consequences of their sinful gaze. .

    28. Sucimukha (Needle Mouth)

    Sin: Those who, out of greed and selfishness, view others with suspicion, obsess over their wealth, and hoard money without joy—acting like evil spirits guarding treasure—live in constant fear of loss and refuse to share their fortune.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Sûcîmukha, the hell of “the pin first,” where Yamarâja’s enforcers, like expert weavers, pierce and stitch their limbs together with needles and thread, tormenting them for their greed and miserliness.

    Key Scriptural Sources on Naraka:

    1. Bhagavata PuranaCanto 5, Chapter 26 (Most detailed descriptions of hells)
    2. Garuda PuranaChapters 3.3 to 3.15 (Karmic consequences & afterlife punishments)
    3. MahabharataAnusasana Parva, Section 129 (Mentions different realms of hell)
    4. ManusmritiChapter 4.87-90 (Moral conduct and Naraka)
    5. Vishnu Purana – Book 2, Chapter 6 (Hells as part of Yama’s judgment)

    Some believe these Narakas are literal, physical places where souls undergo punishment before rebirth. Others see them as symbolic realms, representing deep states of suffering experienced in the human mind due to karma. The debate continues, inviting spiritual seekers to explore their own truth.

    Are these realms real? Or are they metaphors for suffering? Could Naraka be closer than we think and would you survive Naraka?

    We’d love to hear about it in the comments below! Thanks and don’t forget to share this post!!!


    Video version here:

    Narakas – The 28 Hells of Hindu Cosmology – Realms of Suffering and Redemption


    Interesting sources, additional info, courses, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    Balancing and Healing the Chakras through Yoga https://www.udemy.com/course/balancing-and-healing-the-chakras-through-yoga/?referralCode=12C81A148616B419AA06

    Mudras to Balance and Harmonize your Chakras and Energy Body https://www.udemy.com/course/mudras-to-balance-and-harmonize-your-energy-body/?referralCode=1A275C6E67E05E8C8130

    Elemental Energy for Success and Well Being https://www.udemy.com/course/elemental-energy-for-success-and-well-being/?referralCode=A680413E03BEAD96E744

    Book a Tarot reading here: https://www.suryaholistictarot.com/book-a-reading/

    Check our soundtrack here:
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    Websites:

    https://www.alkemystica.com

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    https://www.staciebronson.com/


    Links and References:

    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/9-types-of-narakas-or-hells-as-per-hindu-religion/amp_etphotostory/104472173.cms

    https://bhagavanbhakthi.com/2013/12/names-of-hells-narakas-in-hinduism/

    https://slife.org/naraka-in-hinduism/

    https://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto5/chapter26.html

    https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp064.htm

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama

    https://venupayyanur.com/crime-and-punishment-the-hindu-way/

    https://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/puranas/gp/gp.asp#ch4

    https://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/puranas/gp/gp.asp#ch3

    https://bhagavanbhakthi.com/2013/12/names-of-hells-narakas-in-hinduism/

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Hindu_hell.jpg

    https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/5/26/8/

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/The_Court_of_Yama%2C_God_of_Death%2C_circa_1800.jpg

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    OCCULT MEANINGS OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK

    Occult meanings of the Days of the Week

    In this article we will explore the hidden meanings of the Days of the Week, drawing from occult traditions and symbolic interpretations to illuminate their deeper resonance and try to understand these energies, so we can align our lives more harmoniously with the natural rhythms of the cosmos.

    In today’s modern world, Days of the Week are often viewed as mere markers of time, guiding our routines and responsibilities. Yet, beneath the surface of these seven days lies a rich tapestry of history, mythology, and energetic significance. Each day is imbued with a unique vibration, shaped by ancient calendars, planetary associations, and esoteric wisdom.

    The concept of the seven-day week is rooted in ancient civilizations, with origins that stretch back thousands of years and starting with the development of the first calendars.

    Firstly, all calendars are based on astronomical cycles.

    These cycles can be from the sun (solar), the moon (lunar), a combination of sun and moon (luni solar) or the stars – (sidereal)

    Solar calendars are based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, specifically on the time it takes the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, known as a tropical year. Lunar calendars are based on the monthly cycles of the Moon’s phases Luni-solar calendars are based on the combination of two cycles: the lunar cycle (the Moon’s phases) and the solar cycle (the Earth’s orbit around the Sun) and sidereal calendars are based on the movement of celestial bodies, specifically the stars, rather than the movement of the sun or the moon

    The Babylonian calendar, one of the earliest known, divided time into a seven-day cycle based on the phases of the moon. This practice was later adopted by the Jewish, Roman, and ultimately the Christian and Islamic calendars. There are still 12 lunar calendars used around the world today to mark religious practices, traditional holidays or cultural events: Chinese, Herbrew, Islamic, Hindu, Thai, Vietanmese, Burmese, Tibetan, Kurdish, Assyrian, Jain and Celtic.

    The Gregorian calendar, a solar calendar used throughout the Christian world, is the most accepted and recognized calendar in the world. It is used alongside other calendars as a universal standard for international business, communication, and travel.

    The Gregorian calendar is the result of reforms and modifications of the medieval Christian calendar and Julian calendar.

    Within this universal system, the structure of the seven day week remains a deeply symbolic and ancient construct. Let’s have a look at some esoteric meanings that continues to resonate today.

    Days of the week:

    Each day of the week was named after one of the seven visible celestial bodies in the sky: the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. The order of the days originally derived from the Babylonians. These names remain in modern languages, as a testament to their enduring influence. But beyond their astronomical origins, the days of the week have long been associated with archetypal energies and spiritual forces that can shape our lives in profound ways.

    Sunday: The Day of the Sun

    Language roots:

    Sunday comes from Sol in Roman, Domenica in Italian, Sun in Anglo-Saxon

    Sunday, as its name suggests, is governed by the Sun, a symbol of vitality, clarity, and divine light. In many traditions it is the first day of the week and in many cultures, the Sun is seen as a source of life and inspiration, making Sunday a day of celebration. Its energy promotes creativity, confidence, and a sense of purpose. In ancient Greek the Sun is also known as Helios.

    Esoterically, The Sun represents the self, the soul, and the power of manifestation. It has the power to illuminate, therefore, to dispel darkness.

    In occult teachings, the Sun represents:

    1. The Self and the Soul: It symbolizes individuality, self-expression, and the core essence of who we are.
    2. Vitality and Life Force: The Sun governs health, energy, and the inner fire that drives creativity and ambition.
    3. Divine Light: As the giver of light, the Sun is often associated with truth, clarity, and spiritual awakening.
    4. Manifestation: The Sun’s radiant energy supports growth and realization of potential.

    The day of the Sun is uplifting, radiant and empowering. It can be used as a day to recharge your energy.

    It is also a day to be used to set clear intentions and plan for the week with optimism and clarity. You can connect to the Sun spiritually by meditation, praying or engaging in practices that align with your higher self.

    In Hindu tradition, Sunday is considered the first day of the week, and it is associated with the worship of Surya, the solar deity. Surya Namaskar is a greeting done to the sun, in which one pours water in gratitude of the sun. For more information on Sun Worship, you can check this video out!

    Rituals performed on Sunday often focus on success, personal empowerment, or connecting with the divine. This day’s energy encourages us to shine brightly, embrace our authentic selves, and set intentions for the week with optimism and clarity.

    To enhance the Suns energy, especially on Sunday, wear or use gold, yellow or orange colors to reflect the Suns’s vibrant energy. This helps to emanate warmth, vitality and joy. Crystals that enhance positivity, abundance and personal power are citrine. For joy and creativity, try sunstone and for grounding solar energy try amber.

    In Astrology the Sun is connected to the sign of Leo – a sign that emanates power, strength and energy and demands attention. It is connected to the element of fire, inspiring action, passion, courage and transformation.

    In Tarot, the Sun is connected to the Sun card – a bringer of joy, creative endeavors, new projects and new beginnings. It is the birth of a new day with abundance, growth and vitality.

    Things to watch out for: Watch out for boastfulness, having too much pride, arrogance, ego, self-centeredness or overconfidence. The Sun is theoried to be the center of this solar system, therefore an overabundance of solar energy may cause these qualities.

    Also watch out for burnout. Constant action with no grounding and no rest can cause an individual to burn the candle at both ends, or, to wear oneself out.

    Things to take advantage of: Use Sunday as a day to create, especially self expression via creative works. This can be art, music or dance. Performing arts are especially favored as the energy of life and vitality is connected to the Sun. Be optimistic and enthusiastic. Use the day to give thanks for the sun and the blessings it provides everyone on the Earth. Celebrate radiance and warmth and life, the very essence of the Sun.

    Monday: The Day of the Moon

    Language roots:

    Monday derives its name from the Moon, Luna in Roman, Lunedi in Italian, Moon in Anglo-Saxon

    It is a celestial body associated with intuition, emotions, and the subconscious mind. In esoteric traditions, the Moon symbolizes the divine feminine, receptivity, and the cycles of life. The energy of Monday encourages introspection, emotional awareness, and nurturing connections. It is a day to honor the ebb and flow of feelings, embracing stillness and reflection.

    The moon represents:

    • The Subconscious Mind: A gateway to intuition, dreams, and hidden emotions.
    • Cycles and Change: A reminder of impermanence and the need to adapt to life’s phases.
    • Feminine Energy: The nurturing, receptive, and intuitive aspects of existence.
    • Reflection and Illumination: Shedding light on what is hidden, both within and without.

    In magic and ritual, Monday is linked to water, the element of emotions, and practices that enhance psychic abilities or healing.

    Energetically, Monday invites us to tune into our inner world. Its reflective nature makes it an ideal day for journaling, meditation, or setting intentions for the week ahead. However, the Moon’s influence can also heighten sensitivity, making it important to practice grounding and emotional balance.

    To enhance the moons energy wear or use silver, white or pale blue to reflect the Moons luminous and calming energy. Using silver in magical practices also helps to connect more deeply to moon energy.

    Crystals that can amplify moon energy are moonstone, which enhances intuition, emotional balance and the connection to the divine feminine; selenite, which can clear energy and promote spiritual clarity and pearl, which symbolizes purity, wisdom and emotional harmony.

    In astrology, the Moon is the ruler of the zodiac sign Cancer, which governs the home, family, and inner emotions. Astrological work on Monday often focuses on nurturing the self or relationships, addressing emotional blockages, or tapping into intuitive guidance.

    If working with lunar magic or doing shadow work, Monday is a day when this energy will be stronger.

    In Tarot, the moon is represented by the High Priestess card, which symbolizes what is internal, hidden, secret or occult.

    Things to watch out for on Monday – pay attention to ebbs and flows of emotion, especially during full moons, when feelings, sentiments and nostalgic thoughts can be easily triggered. Mood swings may be common and fluctuate with the phases of the moon.

    Also be aware of “lunatics”. Coming from the latin word lunaticus, these are people that are affected by madness (lunacy), or people that go crazy, or act “looney” during full moons and especially if the full moon falls on a monday!, And for cat lovers – pay attention to them during a full moons – This energy can be quite intense for our feline friends!

    Things to take advantage of – Monday is a day of deep introspection, meditation, psychic, divination and intuitive work, shadow or dream work, self reflection, cleansing and purification, releasing emotional blocks, rest and self care. Pay attention to dreams; many messages come through the sub-conscious. Be receptive to messages received on Monday.

    Tuesday: The Day of Mars

    Language roots:

    Tuesday takes its name from Mars, Martes in Roman, Martedi in Italian, Tiw in Anglo-Saxon.

    Mars is the Roman god of war, conflict and action. In Norse mythology, the day is associated with Tiw, a god of combat and justice. In ancient Greece Mars is known as Ares.

    Mars is masculine energy and represents drive, courage, and assertiveness, infusing Tuesday with fiery energy. This is a day for taking bold steps, tackling challenges, and asserting one’s willpower.

    Mars is often associated with:

    1. Action and Initiative: The force that drives us to act decisively.
    2. Courage and Confidence: The strength to face challenges head-on.
    3. Conflict and Struggle: The duality of destruction and creation.
    4. Passion and Desire: The intense emotions that fuel purpose.

    It’s energy is excellent for initiating projects, accepting new challenges, engaging in physical activities, or addressing conflicts with clarity and strength. It encompasses calculated action and decisive leadership. This day teaches the balance between brute force and strategic thinking.

    Occult traditions often link Mars to the element of fire and the color red, symbols of passion, vitality and raw power of life force. It’s also linked to the metal Iron, making it a day of alchemy by turning raw energy into purposeful action.

    To enhance Mars energy, use iron in rituals or magic, wear or use the color red, scarlet or orange, to harness raw power and physical strength, use spices such as cinnamon or burn dragon’s blood incense to deepen your connection to Mars or use crystals such as Carnelian for courage, red jasper, for energy and bloodstone for resiliance.

    Being a powerful planet, Mars’ forceful nature can also provoke impatience or aggression, reminding us to channel its power constructively.

    In astrology, Mars is the ruler of the zodiac sign Aries and Scorpio, Aries which governs boldness, courage, power, initiative and impulsiveness. Aries is also associated with the head, representing the mind, vision, and direction. It’s a time to break through any emotional blocks and confront problems head on, much like a Ram – the animal symbolized by Aries – would do during a battle. And Scorpio which transforms and purifies raw energy, transforming the rough diamond into something pure and powerful. In Tarot it is associated with the Tower: complete and sudden transformation and change which is unexpected and most of the time needed, but not necessarily welcome. It is the clearing of the slate and a new beginning, as the beginning of the growth of a plant in the ashes of the freshly erupted volcano after the dust is still settling.

    Things to watch out for on Tuesday – arguments, escalation in conflicts, physical fights or violence, lack of compassion, impulsivity, taking risks, reckless or destructive behavior, impatience, dominating or desire to control others, being overly competitive, excess frustration, overworking, burning yourself out, rushed or hastily made choices. Road rage can be easily triggered on Tuesdays.

    Things to take advantage of – good day for physical activity, starting new projects, pursuing goals, being assertive and bold, transformation and taking charge. Use Tuesday as an opportunity to be a trailblazer, take action. channel boldness into purpose, overcome obstacles, and embrace the warrior spirit within.

    Wednesday: The Day of Mercury

    Language roots:

    Wednesday comes from Mercurius in Roman, Mercoledi in Italian, Woden in Anglo-Saxon.

    Wednesday is governed by Mercury, Hermes in Greek, and is the planet of communication, intellect, and adaptability. In Roman mythology, Mercury is the messenger of the gods, and his influence imbues Wednesday with a sense of curiosity and mental agility.

    This day is ideal for learning, networking, and creative problem-solving.

    Mercury is associated with:

    • The Mind: Logic, reason, and analytical thinking.
    • Communication: Speech, writing, and negotiation.
    • Travel: Movement, exploration, and commerce.
    • Alchemy: Transformation, particularly the balance of spiritual and material energies. Mercury in alchemical traditions, is sometimes also known as quicksilver and represents the prima materia, or the original substance from which matter and spirit come. This means that Wednesday can be a powerful day to do inner alchemical work.

    Esoterically, Mercury is associated with air and the mind, emphasizing clarity of thought and expression.

    Rituals performed on Wednesday often focus on enhancing communication skills, divination, or gaining insight into complex situations.

    The energy of this day encourages flexibility, adaptability and the pursuit of knowledge, making it perfect for intellectual endeavors like studying, solving problems, and any tasks require critical thinking Since it rules communication, it is also a good day to have any meaningful conversations.

    To enhances Mercury’s energy, use yellow, silver, or light green represent Mercury’s quick and versatile energy. Burn incense or open windows to move air, which symbolizes intellect, movement, and communication and use Citrine and fluorite to enhance focus, and aquamarine to aid in clarity in communication.

    Using different symbols such as a Caduceus, quill, parchment, or winged sandals (Hermes’ footwear) will be increased on Wednesday.

    In astrology Mercury rules both Gemini and Virgo and these two signs lend energy to Wednesday. Intellect, logic, reasoning and analytical thinking will be enhanced, as well as paying attention to details and being meticulous.

    In Tarot, it’s associated with the Magician – a cunning, intellectual fellow who has mastery over spells via words (the air quality) and who can persuade, control, manipulate or convince through communication, but who can also manifest exactly that which he desires.

    Things to watch out for: Mercury is related to air so watch out for restlessness, anxiety, nervousness, overthinking or scattered thoughts. Communication and words are important with Mercury so pay attention to how you say things. Be truthful and avoid telling lies or manipulating people.

    Things to take advantage of: Use Wednesday as a day to be Direct and clear in communication, especially in relationships. It’s a good day for expressing yourself, giving speeches in public, journaling or doing any type of writing activities, critical thinking or solving problems, Negotiating, especially in contracts or sales and skills of persuasion or influencing others can be heightened on Wednesdays. It’s a good day to be curious about different activities and learn something new! Being under Mercury, new information will be retained and memorized more quickly.

    Thursday: The Day of Jupiter

    Language roots:

    Thursday comes from Jove in Roman, Giovedi in Italian, and Thor in Anglo-Saxon.

    Thursday derives its name from Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system and a symbol of expansion, abundance, and wisdom.

    Known as Thor’s Day in Norse mythology, it is associated with the thunder god Thor, reflecting themes of strength, growth and protection.

    Jupiter, in Roman mythology, is the king of the gods, ruling over justice, authority, and the heavens.

    Jupiter is a planet of expansive energy that encourages us to think big, aim high, and connect with our higher purpose.

    Jupiter’s associations include:

    • Expansion: Growth, opportunity, long term vision and the broadening of horizons.
    • Wisdom: Higher education, philosophy, and spiritual insight.
    • Abundance: Wealth, prosperity, and success.
    • Justice: Integrity, fairness, and ethical leadership.

    In the occult realm, Jupiter is linked to prosperity, luck, and higher learning.

    Rituals performed on Thursday often aim to attract abundance, enhance leadership skills, or deepen one’s connection to divine wisdom.

    There is the possibility to see the big picture with Jupiter and seek a greater understanding of things. One can grow and expand materially and spiritually, as Jupiter is connected to the ether element, symbolizing the expansive nature of the cosmos.

    To enhance Jupiter’s energy, try wearing or using colors of Royal blue, purple, or gold which represent Jupiter’s majesty and wisdom. Crystals, such as amethyst and sapphire can enhance spiritual wisdom, while citrine attracts abundance. In rituals, or to harness Jupiter’s strength and authority, use symbols such as thunderbolt, eagle and oak tree.

    In astrology, Jupiter rules Sagittarius and traditionally Pisces. Sag known for Optimism, adventure, philosophy and a quest for truth and Pisces known for Spiritual depth, compassion, and connection to the divine.

    In Tarot, Jupiter is associated with the Wheel of Fortune. Luck and prosperity are arriving …. or diminishing … depending on which direction the wheel is turning.

    Things to watch out for: Jupiter is expansion – watch out for overconsumption and overindulgence in general. Avoid unrealistic expectations or arrogance that can come from an inflated ego. Jupiter can lead to overconfidence. Pay extra attention to details as Jupiter’s big-picture focus may overlook small details or have you neglecting details.

    Things to take advantage of: The energy of this day encourages optimism and a broad perspective, inviting us to embrace life’s opportunities with gratitude. Its energy also fosters growth, generosity, and spiritual development, making Thursday a powerful day for setting long-term goals and seeking guidance.

    Friday: The Day of Venus

    Language roots:

    Friday comes from Venere in Roman, Venerdi in Italian, Freya in Anglo-Saxon.

    Friday is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty, and harmony and representing the ideal of beauty and romantic desire. It ancient Greece she is known as Aphrodite.

    In Norse mythology, the day is associated with Freya, a goddess of love and fertility. Venus imbues Friday with a sense of romance, creativity, and connection, making it an ideal day for nurturing relationships and indulging in self-care.

    Venus symbolizes:

    • Love and Affection: The bonds we form with others, from romantic to platonic relationships.
    • Creativity and Art: The inspiration to create and appreciate beauty.
    • Abundance and Luxury: Material pleasures, wealth, and sensual enjoyment.
    • Harmony and Balance: The pursuit of peace in relationships and environments.

    Esoterically, Venus governs the heart and the arts, encouraging expressions of beauty and affection. Rituals for love, attraction, or artistic inspiration are particularly potent on this day. Friday’s energy reminds us to prioritize joy, pleasure, and the bonds that bring us closer to others.

    Venus’ energy also enhances prosperity rituals or manifestations aimed at financial stability.

    To enhance the energy of Friday, wear or use the colors of Pink symbolizing love and affection and green symbolizing growth and abundance.

    Crystals can be used in rituals to enhance the energy of Venus, especially on Friday, for stronger magic. Among them are Rose quartz, connected to unconditional love, emerald for prosperity, and jade for peace and harmony.

    Likewise, herbs and plants such as rose, lilies and apple’s blossoms can be used in love spells or beauty potions.

    In astrology, it governs both the signs Taurus (sensuality, grounded love, material pleasures) and Libra (balance, partnerships). In Tarot Venus is the Empress. Lush, beautiful and always giving birth to something, as the Empress is forever fertile and she lends to creative projects, abundant beauty and a nurturing quality.

    Things to watch out for: Friday night is generally referred to as “the night out”. But watch out for overindulgence, such as in food, drink or sex, or escapism. These things are increased on Fridays. Avoid getting too caught up in pleasure sensations.

    Focus on solid, real relationships versus superficial relationships. Venus has a tendency to see only what’s on the surface. Don’t let yourself become co-dependent or a people pleaser.

    Things to take advantage of: Friday is a good day to strengthen relationships, express yourself with creativity, music or arts, appreciation beautiful things, be affectionate towards individuals, especially loved ones, bring peace and balance into relationships, enjoy material and sensual pleasures and indulge in moderation in the things that make you feel good. Remember libra to keep things in balance.

    Saturday: The Day of Saturn

    Language roots:

    Saturday comes from Saturnius in Roman, Sabato in Italian, Saturn in Anglo-Saxon.

    Saturday is ruled by Saturn, the planet of discipline, structure, and responsibility.

    Named after the Roman god Saturn, or Cronos in ancient Greece, it is he who governs time, karma, and cycles of life and death.

    Saturday carries an esoteric significance that invites reflection, accountability, structure and renewal. Saturn’s influence encourages us to focus on long-term commitments, organization, and personal growth through discipline.

    In occult practices, Saturn is often associated with the element of earth and themes of boundaries, karma, and transformation. Saturday is an excellent day for clearing away clutter, completing unfinished tasks, or engaging in deep self-reflection. While its energy may feel heavy or restrictive, it offers valuable lessons in patience and perseverance.

    In mythology. Saturn is a stern and powerful figure.

    Representing discipline, boundaries, and the passage of time, Saturn’s influence can feel heavy, yet it is ultimately designed to teach profound life lessons.

    Key aspects of Saturn include:

    1. Time and Cycles: Saturn rules over time, reminding us of its finite nature and urging us to use it wisely.
    2. Karma and Consequences: It governs the law of cause and effect, where our actions bear fruit over time.
    3. Structure and Boundaries: Saturn emphasizes the importance of rules, discipline, and order.
    4. Transformation Through Struggle: Challenges brought by Saturn lead to growth, resilience, and self-mastery.

    To gain Saturn’s blessings, wear or use Black and dark blue items to symbolize Saturn’s grounding and protective qualities. Beneficial crystals to harness the energy are Onyx, which provides grounding and strength, and Obsidian which offers protection and aids in shadow work. Hematite will also enhance focus and balance energy.

    Saturn is the Element of Earth and the energy is rooted in practicality, making Saturday a day to focus on tangible results and physical stability.

    Rituals and other practices on Saturday can include karma cleansing, protection rituals or shadow work, as well as grounding activities to stabilize and balance any lighter energies.

    In astrology it is connected to Capricorn and Aquarius, symbolizing ambition, responsibility, duty and innovative thought. In Tarot it is the World meaning completion- a full cycle. Something is ending and something is beginning, for example as in reincarnation. Energy is cyclical. The world is what Saturn will give you after all the struggle, hardships and discipline you have overcome and the negative karma you have burned off. The rewards of labor and success are now yours.

    Things to watch out for: Overworking. Saturn’s discipline can lead individuals to become workaholics or lead to burnout. Make sure to still take rest when needed. Avoid seeing limitations in everything. See the possibilities that hard work and discipline can give you. Avoid being too rigid or perfect. An excessive focus on discipline and structure can stifle creativity or flexibility.

    Things to take advantage of: Saturn is restriction and discipline. Use Saturday as a day to stick to your diet, exercise and get things done that you know you should do. It’s also a day to help others. Saturn rules over karma, so doing good deeds on Saturday can go a long way. Donate time to a homeless shelter, feed stray animals or help the elderly.

    The days of the week are far more than convenient divisions of time; they are a reflection of the cosmic forces that shape our existence. Each day carries a unique vibration, offering opportunities for growth, self-discovery, and alignment with the universe. By understanding the energetic significance of these days, we can live more intentionally, harmonizing our actions with the natural rhythms of the cosmos. Whether through meditation, ritual, or simply mindful living, the ancient wisdom embedded in the week invites us to connect with the greater mysteries of life and find meaning in each passing day.

    So what’s your favorite Day of the Week, and why? We’d love to hear about it in the comments below! Share this article!!!


    Video version here:

    Occult meanings of the Days of the Week


    Interesting sources, additional info, courses, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    Balancing and Healing the Chakras through Yoga https://www.udemy.com/course/balancing-and-healing-the-chakras-through-yoga/?referralCode=12C81A148616B419AA06

    Mudras to Balance and Harmonize your Chakras and Energy Body https://www.udemy.com/course/mudras-to-balance-and-harmonize-your-energy-body/?referralCode=1A275C6E67E05E8C8130

    Elemental Energy for Success and Well Being https://www.udemy.com/course/elemental-energy-for-success-and-well-being/?referralCode=A680413E03BEAD96E744

    Book a Tarot reading here: https://www.suryaholistictarot.com/book-a-reading/

    Check our soundtrack here:
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    Websites:

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    https://www.lennyblandino.com

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    https://www.facebook.com/groups/1372429986896515


    Links and References:

    https://www.mooncratertycho.com/the-12-lunar-calendars-still-in-use-around-the-world/

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_calendar

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunatic

    http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/astrology/medical.htm

    https://www.rmg.co.uk/sites/default/files/Calendars-from-around-the-world.pdf

    https://www.astrojyotish.com/index.asp

    https://ang.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweligende_tungol

    https://wordinfo.info/unit/3217

    Pics:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mene_(goddess)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#/media/File:Venus_2_Approach_Image.jpg

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)#/media/File:Raw_Moonstone.jpg

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)

    https://www.gia.edu/sunstone

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    Cycles of Time in Vedic Cosmology – The 4 Yugas – Part 1

    Cycles of Time in Vedic Cosmology - The 4 Yugas - Part 1

    Hindu Vedic texts describe four Yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle—Krita (Satya) Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dwapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga—where, starting in order from the first age, each Yuga’s length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1

    As a Yuga Cycle progresses through the four Yugas, each Yuga’s length and humanity’s general moral and physical state within each Yuga decrease by one-fourth.

    Each Yuga is characterized by varying degrees of virtue and vice, wisdom and ignorance, and dharma (righteousness) and adharma (unrighteousness).

    1. Satya Yuga (The Age of Truth)

    Satya Yuga, also known as the Golden Age or the Age of Truth, is the first and most revered of the Yugas. It is characterized by a time of truth, virtue, and divine presence. In this era, humanity is said to live in harmony with the divine, and righteousness prevails. The divine essence is fully manifest, and people are endowed with immense wisdom and spiritual purity. The moral and ethical standards are at their highest, and there is no need for religious practices or rituals since truth and righteousness are innate.

    In this age, the human lifespan is said to be the longest, and there is no suffering or conflict. The concept of Dharma is fully realized, and the divine is perceived directly by all. The natural world is in its prime, reflecting the purity and perfection of this age.

    2. Treta Yuga (The Age of Treta)

    Following Satya Yuga is Treta Yuga, often referred to as the Silver Age. This period marks a gradual decline in virtue and an increase in the need for religious practices and rituals to maintain Dharma. Although righteousness still prevails, it is somewhat diminished compared to the previous age. In Treta Yuga, humanity begins to experience the emergence of moral and spiritual decay.

    In this era, the lifespan of human beings decreases, and the divine presence becomes less direct. The need for sacrifices, rituals, and religious observances arises to uphold Dharma and compensate for the growing imperfections. The epic Ramayana is set in Treta Yuga, reflecting the narrative of divine intervention and the heroic struggle to restore righteousness.

    3. Dwapara Yuga (The Age of Dwapara)

    Dwapara Yuga, or the Bronze Age, represents a further decline in the moral and spiritual quality of humanity. During this age, virtue and righteousness are significantly diminished, and the human experience becomes more fraught with conflict and suffering. Dharma and adharma are in constant flux, and the balance between them becomes more precarious.

    In Dwapara Yuga, the lifespan of human beings continues to decrease, and religious practices become more complex and ritualistic. The Mahabharata, another epic of the Vedic tradition, is set in this age, depicting the moral and ethical challenges faced by individuals and societies. The epic highlights the role of divine intervention and the consequences of human actions in the struggle to restore righteousness.

    4. Kali Yuga (The Age of Darkness)

    The final Yuga is Kali Yuga, often referred to as the Age of Darkness or the Iron Age. This era is characterized by the greatest decline in virtue and the predominance of adharma. In Kali Yuga, humanity experiences the greatest suffering, ignorance, and moral corruption. The divine presence is least apparent, and the human lifespan is the shortest.

    The principles of Dharma are greatly obscured, and the world is marked by conflict, deceit, and chaos. Religious practices become increasingly necessary as a means to combat the pervasive ignorance and evil. Kali Yuga is believed to be the current age, and according to tradition, it will eventually lead to the end of the cosmic cycle, after which a new cycle of Satya Yuga will begin.

    What do you think about the 4 Yugas of Vedic Cosmology? Post your comments below and share the post!!!


    Video version here:

    Cycles of Time in Vedic Cosmology – The 4 Yugas – Part 1


    Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    Elemental Energy and how to use it, check our course here: https://www.udemy.com/course/elemental-energy-for-success-and-well-being/?referralCode=A680413E03BEAD96E744

    Book a Tarot reading here: https://suryaholistictarot.com/book-a-reading/

    Check our soundtrack here:
    https://lennyblandino.bandcamp.com/track/nivuru-synthetic-waves

    Websites:

    https://alkemystica.com/

    http://lennyblandino.com/

    https://www.staciebronson.com/

    https://www.facebook.com/groups/1372429986896515


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga_cycle

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Sri_Yukteswar_Giri

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Yuga

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treta_Yuga

    http://veda.wikidot.com/vedic-time-system#toc8

    https://www.historicmysteries.com/myths-legends/kali-yuga/36125/

    https://www.bibhudevmisra.com/2012/07/end-of-kali-yuga-in-2025-unraveling.html?m=0

    https://www.dwapara-yuga.org

    https://maypoleofwisdom.com/law-of-the-4-ages/

    https://twospiritsonesoul.com/blog/are-we-living-in-the-kali-yuga

    PICS:

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Yugas_of_Hindu_Eschatology.svg

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yugas.png

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yuga_Cycle.png

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:4_yugas.PNG

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yugas-Ages-based-on-Sri-Yukteswar_af.jpg

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kalki_(centre).jpg

    https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-hindu-style-goddess-8670920

    The four ages of Hindu cosmology (Peter Hermes Furian / Adobe Stock)

    https://www.reddit.com/r/hinduism/comments/14lupco/which_of_the_yuga_cycle_model_between_these_two/

    https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-suffering-hell-dante-8425585

    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motion_of_Sun,_Earth_and_Moon_around_the_Milky_Way.jpg

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    The Labyrinth – Myths and Symbolism

    The Labyrinth - Myths and Symbolism

    The labyrinth, a symbol of intricate design and profound meaning, has captivated human imagination for millennia. Found in various cultures across the globe, from ancient civilizations to modern interpretations, the labyrinth represents a journey of transformation, a metaphorical path that intertwines myth, symbolism, and human experience. In this article, we delve into the origins, myths, and deep symbolism associated with the labyrinth, seeking to unravel its mysteries and understand its enduring significance.

    Origins and Historical Context

    The labyrinth’s origins can be traced back to antiquity, with evidence of labyrinthine patterns found in diverse cultures including ancient Greece, Egypt, India, and Mesoamerica.

    The theme of the labyrinth leading to one’s destiny is most clearly illustrated in one of the best-known stories from Greek mythology: Theseus and the Minotaur.

    The word Labyrinth comes from the Greek labyrinthos and describes any maze-like structure. A labyrinth is a single-path, non-branching route leading to the center and back out, making it easier to navigate.

    A maze is a complex branching puzzle with multiple paths and directions. Even so, the terms labyrinth and maze are often used interchangeably.

    The term “labyrinth” has come to denote any unicursal maze, regardless of shape. Socrates described a labyrinthine argument as one where the path seems to loop back to the start, reflecting the idea of a complex but navigable route.

    Although early Cretan coins sometimes feature multicursal patterns, the unicursal seven-course “Classical” design became associated with the Labyrinth on coins as early as 430 BC.

    This design was widely used to symbolize the Labyrinth, even though historical and literary accounts suggest the Minotaur was confined in a complex branching maze. Despite increasingly elaborate designs, visual representations of the Labyrinth from Roman times through the Renaissance are predominantly unicursal. Branching mazes were reintroduced with the rise in popularity of garden mazes during the Renaissance.

    The labyrinth/maze, then, may have served to help one find their mystical path by purposefully removing one from the common understanding of linear time and direction between two points. As one traveled through the labyrinth, one would become increasingly lost in reference to the world outside and, possibly, would unexpectedly discover one’s true path in life.

    Labyrinths have appeared in various forms, such as designs on pottery and basketry, body art, and engravings on cave or church walls. The Romans created many decorative labyrinths in tile or mosaic, often large enough to be walked. Historically, labyrinths have been used for both group rituals and personal meditation.

    Ancient Labyrinths

    Pliny the Elder’s Natural History mentions four ancient labyrinths: the Cretan Labyrinth, an Egyptian Labyrinth, a Labyrinth on Lemnos, and an Italian Labyrinth.

    The etymology of the word is linked to the Minoan labrys, “double axe”, the symbol of the Minoan mother goddess of Crete and royal authority, although the actual word is Lydian in origin, and most likely came to Crete from Anatolia through trade.

    This connection supports the theory that the labyrinth originally referred to the Minoan royal palace in Crete, translating to “palace of the double-axe.” The term “-inthos” may mean “place,” as seen in names like Corinth. Symbols associated with the double-axe were found in the Minoan palace, often linked with female deities. In classical Greece, priests at Delphi were known as Labryades, or “men of the double axe.”

    Greek mythology does not mention a specific deity presiding over the Labyrinth, although the goddess Despoine from Arcadian cults might have been associated with labyrinthine themes.

    This figure might have been linked to a cult that influenced later Eleusinian mysteries.

    The labyrinth of Knossos – Cretan Labyrinth

    Knossos, in Crete, has long been suspected to be the site of the most famous labyrinth in history.

    Researchers discovered bull motifs and depictions of a labrys, suggesting connections to the labyrinth. This association with the Minotaur myth has become a popular legend.

    It’s the story of Theseus and the Minotaur. This labyrinth was designed by Daedalus for King Minos of Knossos on Crete to contain the ferocious half-man/half-bull known as the Minotaur, born from Queen Pasiphae’s cursed union with a bull.

    It was an elaborate structure with winding passages and dead ends intended to confuse and trap the beast. Daedalus engineered the labyrinth so intricately that he himself had difficulty escaping after its completion.

    Every year, seven young men & maidens were sent from Athens to Crete and then released into the labyrinth to be eaten by the Minotaur as a tribute.

    According to the myth, Theseus, prince of Athens, ventured into the labyrinth with the aid of Ariadne, daughter of King Minos, who provided him with a ball of thread (the “Ariadne’s thread”) to navigate the maze.

    Theseus successfully slew the Minotaur and found his way out using the thread, thus freeing Athens from the annual offering.

    The Labyrinth of Egypt at Hawara

    In Egypt, labyrinthine structures were associated with the complex and cyclical journey of the sun god Ra during the night, symbolizing death and rebirth.

    One labyrinth stood near the foot of the Pyramid of Amenemhat the III at Hawara. It may have been a collection of funerary temples such as the ones that are commonly found near Egyptian pyramids.

    The first major historian to discuss the labyrinth was the Greek author Herodotus, who, in his Histories, wrote that the structure surpassed the greatness of even the Egyptian Pyramids:

    “The Egyptians made a labyrinth which surpasses even the pyramids. We learned through conversation with the Egyptian caretakers about the labyrinth’s underground chambers; they would by no means show them, as they were, they said, the burial vaults of the kings who first built this labyrinth, and of the sacred crocodiles…”

    Diodorus Siculus also furthered the claim that the Egyptian labyrinth inspired Daedalus to build the Cretan labyrinth for King Minos.

    Pliny the Elder , a Roman author and naturalist, described the structure in his Naturalis Historia, writing:

    “There is still in Egypt a labyrinth which was the first constructed, 3,600 years ago. Many assert that it was a building consecrated to the Sun, an opinion which mostly prevails”

    It is believed that the labyrinth at Hawara mirrored the afterlife. There were 42 halls throughout the structure which correspond to the Forty-Two Judges who preside over the fate of one’s soul, along with the gods Osiris, Thoth, Anubis, and Ma’at, at the final judgment in the Hall of Truth.

    The labyrinth, then, could have been constructed to lead one through a confusing maze – much like the landscape of the afterlife described in the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead – to lead one toward an enlightened state.

    Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the ruins of the labyrinth were quarried for stone and after most of the stones had been carted away, the location of the structure was gradually forgotten.

    So great was the site as a source of building materials that a small town grew up around the ruins, by the oasis of Faiyum.

    There have been many other labyrinths around the world since ancient times from the structure built in Italy as part of the tomb of an Etruscan king, to those of an island in modern-day Russia.

    Labyrinths were once part of the mortuary rituals of Britain, Ireland, and Scotland. They constantly reappear in different forms at different stages in the evolution of Celtic culture and some of them are earlier than the Minoan labyrinths.

    The labyrinth as an idea is closely related to the knot: the line that winds all around a design. The difference is that, in a knotwork design, the line has no beginning and no end while, in a labyrinth, there is usually a starting point and a goal.

    Both symbolize journeys. This might be a particular adventure or the overall unfolding of life itself. Labyrinths therefore form a visual counterpart to the epic folk-tale which often consists of a long and convoluted journey with episodes that repeat and double back on themselves.

    A journey to the center of the self and out again and, in this way, the ancient symbol emerges as a tool for self-exploration and healing.

    The Indian mandala is a geometric configuration of symbols and may reflect the labyrinth’s intricate paths, symbolizing the wholeness and unity of the universe.

    It can be used to establish a sacred space and as an aid to meditation and trance induction.

    A mandala called yantra takes the form of a square with four gates containing a circle with a center point.

    A mandala can also represent the entire universe, which is traditionally depicted with Mount Meru as the axis mundi in the center, surrounded by the continents.

    Mandalas often have radial balance, meaning they look the same after some rotation by a partial turn.

    In the Rigveda, the various books progress along the same lines as a labyrinth, where one travels a mystical path alone to eventually merge one’s inner journey with the outer world.

    In medieval Christian culture, labyrinths were integrated into the floors of cathedrals such as Chartres in France, serving as a metaphorical pilgrimage for believers. It was built between 1215 and 1221, making it the largest church labyrinth ever constructed during the Middle Ages.

    The labyrinth also embodies a multitude of symbolic meanings that resonate deeply with the human experience:

    Journey and Transformation: At its core, the labyrinth represents a journey of self-discovery and transformation. The act of navigating its twists and turns mirrors life’s complexities, challenges, and the search for meaning. Each step taken within the labyrinth symbolizes progress, introspection, and personal growth.

    Unity of Paths: Unlike a maze, which is designed to confuse and challenge, the labyrinth has a single, non-branching path that leads to the center and back out again. This symbolizes the unity of all paths and the interconnectedness of life’s journey.

    It teaches that despite different routes and experiences, there is a destination and purpose.

    Cycles of Life: The labyrinth’s circular or spiral design mirrors the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth. It represents the eternal journey of birth, growth, death and renewal found in nature, seasons, and the cosmos. In this way, the labyrinth becomes a symbol of continuity and the eternal rhythm of existence.

    Mystical Pilgrimage: Many cultures incorporate labyrinths into personal practices as a form of meditation and pilgrimage. Walking the labyrinth path becomes a metaphorical journey towards enlightenment, wisdom and divine union. The process encourages mindfulness, reflection and communion with the sacred.

    Psychological Exploration: The labyrinth can be seen as the representation of the mind and the process of integrating one’s conscious and unconscious aspects to achieve psychological wholeness.

    Therapeutic Practices: Labyrinths are increasingly used in therapeutic settings as tools for stress reduction, meditation, and reflection. Walking the labyrinth path fosters mindfulness, relaxation, and emotional healing, providing individuals with a tangible way to explore their inner landscapes.

    Personal Change: The labyrinth in the Greek myth serves as the vehicle for Theseus’ transformation from a youth to a king. He must enter a maze no one knows how to navigate, slay a monster, and return to the world he knows. The labyrinth presented him with the opportunity to change and grow but, like many people, Theseus resisted that opportunity until change was forced upon him.

    Occult Significance: Prehistoric labyrinths likely served as traps for evil spirits or paths for ritual dances. In medieval times, the labyrinth symbolized a mystical journey with a defined center (representing God) and a single entrance (symbolizing birth).

    The labyrinth, with its rich tapestry of myths and profound symbolism, continues to captivate and inspire humanity.

    Its enduring presence across cultures underscores its universal appeal and relevance, offering us a timeless symbol to navigate the complexities of existence and discover deeper truths within ourselves and the world around us.

    In unraveling the myths and symbolism of the labyrinth, we unravel not just a physical maze but a symbolic journey that speaks to the essence of what it means to be human—a journey of discovery, transformation, and the eternal quest for meaning.

    What do you think about the Labyrinth, its myths and symbolism? Let us know in the comment section and share the post!!!


    Video version here:

    The Labyrinth – Myths and Symbolism


    Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaur

    https://www.ashmolean.org/article/myths-of-the-labyrinth

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerdroia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_maze

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27itoi

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    https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~tony/mazes

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    https://blogmymaze.wordpress.com


    REFERENCES:

    Hermann Kern, Through the Labyrinth, ed. Robert Ferré and Jeff Saward, Prestel, 2000, ISBN 3-7913-2144-7. (This is an English translation of Kern’s original German monograph Labyrinthe published by Prestel in 1982.)

    Lauren Artress, Walking a Sacred Path: Rediscovering the Labyrinth as a Spiritual Practice, Penguin Books, 1995, ISBN 1-57322-007-8.

    Lauren Artress, The Sacred Path Companion: A Guide to Walking the Labyrinth to Heal and Transform, Penguin Books, 2006, ISBN 1-59448-182-2.

    Doob, Penelope Reed (1992). The Idea of the Labyrinth: from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-80142-393-7.

    Herodotus, The Histories, Newly translated and with an introduction by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books, 1965.

    Karl Kerenyi, Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Princeton University Press, 1976.

    Helmut Jaskolski, The Labyrinth: Symbol of Fear, Rebirth and Liberation, Shambala, 1997.

    Adrian Fisher & Georg Gerster, The Art of the Maze, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990. ISBN 0-297-83027-9.

    Jeff Saward, Labyrinths and Mazes, Gaia Books Ltd, 2003, ISBN 1-85675-183-X.

    Jeff Saward, Magical Paths, Mitchell Beazley, 2002, ISBN1-84000-573-4.

    W. H. Matthews, Mazes and Labyrinths: Their History and Development, Longmans, Green & Co., 1922. Includes bibliography. Dover Publications reprint, 1970, ISBN 0-486-22614-X.

    Andrew Stewart, One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works.

    Henning Eichberg, “Racing in the labyrinth? About some inner contradictions of running.” In: Athletics, Society & Identity. Imeros, Journal for Culture and Technology, 5 (2005): 1. Athen: Foundation of the Hellenic World, 169–192.

    Edward Hays, The Lenten Labyrinth: Daily Reflections for the Journey of Lent, Forest of Peace Publishing, 1994.

    Carl Schuster and Edmund Carpenter, Patterns that Connect: Social Symbolism in Ancient & Tribal Art, Harry N. Abrams, NY, 1996.

    Ettore Selli, Labirinti Vegetali, la guida completa alle architetture verdi dei cinque continenti, Ed. Pendragon, 2020; ISBN 9788833642222

    Bulfinch,T. Bullfinch’s Mythology. The Modern Library, 2010.

    Castleden, R. The Element Encyclopedia of the Celts. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, 2013.

    Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus Siculus’ Histories. Harvard University Press, 1939.

    Hamilton, E. Greek Mythology. Easton Press, 1968.

    Jung, C. The Portable Carl Jung. Penguin Classics, 1992.

    Michailidou, A. Knossos – A Complete Guide to the Palace of Minos. Ekdotike Athenon, 2004.

    Pliny. Pliny’s Natural History. Harvard University Press, 1938.

    Rees, A. & B. Celtic Heritage: Ancient Tradition in Ireland and Wales. Thames & Hudson, 1961.

    Strabo. Strabo’s Geography. Harvard University Press, 1928.

    The Ancient Egyptian Labyrinth by Larry Orcutt

    The Labyrinth: Archetype of Transformation for Global Healing by Annette Reynolds

    Verner, M. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt’s Great Monuments. Grove Press, 2002.

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