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NARAKAS – THE 28 HELLS OF HINDU COSMOLOGY – REALMS OF SUFFERING AND REDEMPTION

Narakas - The 28 Hells of Hindu Cosmology - Realms of Suffering and Redemption

In the vast and intricate web of Hindu cosmology, beyond the material world and hidden in the depths of Patala, lie the 28 Narakas.

The hellish realms of suffering, which serve as places where the soul undergoes purification before its next birth. These are not eternal damnations rather temporary realms of retribution, where the consequences of one’s actions (Karma) are met with precise and fitting punishments.

These 28 Narakas are described in several Hindu scriptures, including the Bhagavata Purana, Agni Purana , Garuda Purana, Vishnu Purana, Vedas, Upanishads and Manusmriti among other texts and are not limited to only 28. Additional sources list multiple hells.

The 28 discussed here today can be found in the Srimad Bhagavatam.

Each realm is uniquely horrifying, designed to reflect the nature of the sins committed by the soul. Those who commit acts of violence, deceit, greed, or cruelty find themselves subjected to tortures that mirror their wrongdoings.

Whether it is drowning in rivers of blood, being devoured by demonic hounds, or impaled on flaming spears, each punishment is a direct consequence of one’s misdeeds.

But before we continue exploring the terrifying depths of Naraka, make sure to like, subscribe, and hit the notification bell so you don’t miss any deep dives into esoteric wisdom and ancient mysteries. Now, let’s descend into the underworld…

Hell can be found in between the three worlds, in the south below the earth and a little above the causal waters below Pâtâlaloka.

Presiding over these shadowy domains is Yama, the god of death and justice. He is also known as Dharma Raja (Lord of Righteousness). Yama is tasked with maintaining the cosmic balance by ensuring that every soul receives its due rewards and punishments. His kingdom, Yamaloka, is the gateway to the afterlife, where souls are judged based on their earthly deeds.

Assisting him in this divine judgment is Chitragupta, the celestial scribe and record-keeper of karma. Every thought, word, and action of a being is meticulously recorded in his Agrasandhanī (eternal register) When a soul arrives at Yama’s court, Chitragupta presents a detailed account of its past life, determining whether it will ascend to Svarga (the heavens), return to the earthly realm, or descend into Naraka (hells) for purification.

Unlike the Christian or Islamic concept of an eternal hell, Naraka is a transitory realm, where sinners suffer until their karmic debts are repaid, after which they are reborn into the cycle of samsara (reincarnation), sometimes even being reborn into a lower form of existence, to continue its karmic journey. Thus, these realms are not only about suffering but also about cosmic justice and moral realignment.

Some believe that Naraka exists in unseen astral planes, while others interpret it as the psychological suffering one undergoes due to guilt and unresolved karma.

Despite what we believe, These texts leave us with a mystery to unravel.

So lets have a look at The 28 Narakas and Their Descriptions

Each Naraka is associated with specific sins and punishments which is briefly described.

1. Tamisra (Darkness)

Sin: Anyone who steals someone else’s money, wife, or children

Punishment: They are thrown into blinding darkness and suffer extreme torment, being deprived of food and water and left starving, while being beaten with sticks and yelled at by the Yamadhutas , the agents of Yama . The pain and punishment can become so unbearable that they may even lose consciousness from sheer agony. After regaining consciousness, they are beaten again. This continues until the karmic debt is paid.

2. Andhatamisra (Blind Darkness)

Sin: Anyone who slyly cheats someone to gain their money, wife, children or possessions.

Punishment: The sinful living being is subjected to extreme miseries and pain so much that he loses intelligence and sight, becoming blind and becoming similar to a tree cut down by it’s roots.

3. Raurava (Torment of the Wicked)

Sin: Commiting violent or cruel acts against many living entities.

Punishment: These living entities are transformed into animals called rurus, that torture and inflict great pain on the sinful living being.

4. Maharaurava (Greater Torment)

Sin: A person who maintains his own body by hurting others

Punishment: He is put into this hell and is Devoured by 0:05:58.515 flesh eating animals called kravyādas 0:06:03.046

5. Kumbhipaka, The hell of the cooking pot (Boiling in Oil)

Sin: Killing or harming animals for pleasure and cooking poor land or sea animals alive.

Punishment: These living beings are thrown into a large pot and are boiled in hot oil.

6. Kalasutra (Hot Wire Hell)

Sin: Anyone who kills a Brahmin.

Punishment: The sinful living being is thrown into a hell which the surface is made of copper. Heated from below by fire and from above by the scorching sun, the copper surface of this planet is extremely hot. He is burned internally from hunger and thirst and externally from heat. He is sometimes sitting or lying down or having to run here and there for the duration of as many thousands of years as there are hairs on the body of an animal.

7. Asipatravana (Forest of Swords)

Sin: A person unnecessarily deviated from his path of self-realization and yielded to hypocrisy.

Punishment: He is beat him with whips and he runs all around trying to flee from the extreme pain, but on all sides he runs into two-edged razor sharp palm leaves and is body is cut to shreds.

8. Sukaramukha (Crushing Jaws)

Sin: anyone in this life who is a politician (king) or servant of the king or government representative inflicts punishment upon an innocent man or a Brahmin.

Punishment: Being crushed alive until he faints, as the most powerful assistants of Yamarāja crush him exactly as one crushes sugarcane to squeeze out the juice.

9. Andhakupa (Well of Darkness)

Sin: Harming animals, insects, birds or lower forms of life that are unaware that they do harm to humans.

Punishment: Therein will that person indeed fall down according the evil he did to them, the respective entities, the animals, wild beasts, birds, snakes, mosquitos, lice, worms and flies and whatever others; just as the ones with their inferior body will he in the darkness be persecuted, hurt and disturbed by them everywhere and wander around not being able to find a place to rest.

10. Krimibhojana (Worm Food)

Sin: Anyone who eats but does not share food or neglects offering some food as a sacrifice to the Gods, needy, animals, wise and ancestors.

Punishment: He is thrown into a lake of worms and becomes a worm himself, to eat and be eaten by other worms.

11. Sandaṁśa (tong’s hell)

    Sin: Anyone who steals gold, gems, or valuables from a Brahmin or others through theft or violence, without any justification, commits a grave offense of greed and dishonesty.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Sandamśa, the “tongs hell,” where Yamarâja’s enforcers force them to hold red-hot iron balls, and then tear off their skin with burning tongs, making them suffer for their greed and wrongdoing.

    12. Taptasurmi (Burning Pillars)

    Sin: Any man or woman who engages in illicit sexual relations, disregarding moral and legal boundaries, indulges in desires that lead to dishonor and wrongdoing.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Taptasûrmi, the hell of “the red-hot iron statue,” where they are whipped and forced to embrace a burning-hot iron figure—a man for women and a woman for men—suffering unbearable pain as a consequence of their actions.

    13. Vajrakantaka-salmali (Thorny Tree Torture)

    Sin: Anyone who engages in indiscriminate and immoral sexual relations, including acts against nature, violates fundamental ethical and spiritual principles.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Vajrakanthaka-Śālmali, the hell of “the thunderbolt-thorn cotton tree,” where they are hung on razor-sharp thorns and pulled down repeatedly, suffering excruciating pain as retribution for their actions.

    14. Vaitarani (River of Filth)

    Sin: Those who were born into royalty or government positions but abused their power, ignored their duties as rulers, and acted unjustly. They broke the rules of righteousness (dharma) and will, after death, end up in Vaitaraṇī, the river of torment.

    Punishment: As a result, they fall into a river filled with filth—stool, urine, pus, blood, hair, nails, bones, marrow, flesh, and fat—where ferocious animals attack and devour them. Their sins keep them from dying easily, forcing them to remain conscious and suffer endlessly while being reminded of their misdeeds.

    15. Puyodaka (Well of Putrid Water)

    Sin: People who abandoned cleanliness, self-discipline, and good behavior, living shamelessly like animals, and who have violated the principles of a regulated life.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Pûyoda, the hell of “fetid waters,” where they are submerged in an ocean filled with pus, excrement, urine, mucus, and saliva, forced to survive only on the most disgusting substances.

    16. Pranarodha (Torture Chamber)

    Sin: Those who belong to the Brahminical order but keep dogs or donkeys and take pleasure in hunting animals, violating sacred rules, act against their dharma.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Prânarodha, the hell of “suppression of breath,” where Yamarâja’s men hunt them down and pierce them with arrows, making them suffer as they once made innocent animals suffer.

    17. Visasana (Slaughter House)

    Sin: Those who, driven by pride in their wealth and status, kill animals in sacrifices merely to showcase their prestige violate the principles of compassion and righteousness. .

    Punishment: After death, they are cast into Viśasana, the hell of “sleeplessness,” where Yamarâja’s helpers torment them relentlessly and cut them into pieces, forcing them to endure the suffering they inflicted on innocent creatures.

    18. Lalabhaksha (Molten Metal Feast)

    Sin: A man of the higher classes (dvija) who, overcome by lust, forces his wife of the same caste to drink his semen acts against moral and spiritual principles.

    Punishment: As a result of this sin, he will be condemned to Lâlâbhaksha, the hell of “semen for food,” where he will be thrown into a river of semen and forced to drink it himself.

    19. Sarameyadana (Hounds of Hell)

    Sin: Those who, as thieves, commit arson, use poison, or plunder villages, along with corrupt merchants, rulers, and officials who support such crimes, betray justice and morality.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Sârameyâdana, the hell of “the dog’s meal,” where they are torn apart and devoured by 720 ferocious, sharp-toothed dogs under the command of the Yamadûtas.

    20. Avicimat (No Escape)

    Sin: A person who lies or gives false testimony in business, charity, or other matters deceives others and acts dishonestly, breaks oaths, or betrays.

    Punishment: After death, they are cast into Avīcimat, the hell of “having no water,” where they are thrown headfirst from the top of a mountain 100 yojanas high. Upon hitting the arid, stone-covered ground, their body shatters, but they do not die—instead, they are dragged back to the top and thrown down again in an endless cycle of suffering.

    21. Ayahpana (Iron Drink)

    Sin: A Brahmin or his wife who drinks soma-rasa improperly, or a ruler or merchant who, despite taking a vow, consumes alcohol in delusion, violates sacred duties and self-discipline.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Ayahpâna, the hell of “drinking iron,” where they are pinned down with a foot on their chest and have molten iron poured into their mouths as punishment for their transgression.

    22. Ksarakardama (Swamp of Slime)

    Sin: A person of low birth or degraded character who, out of false pride, fails to show respect to those of higher birth, wisdom, virtue, and discipline disregards the natural order and principles of humility.

    Punishment: After death, they are cast headfirst into Kshârakardama, the hell of “the pool of acrid mud,” where they endure excruciating torment in its burning, corrosive filth.

    23. Raktaksha (Blood Lake)

    Sin: Men who sacrifice other people in worship of Kālī and women who consume human flesh commit acts of extreme violence and cruelty, violating the fundamental laws of morality and compassion.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Rakshogana-bhojana, the hell of “being the food of the devil,” where they are slaughtered like animals by fierce Rākshasas, who cut them to pieces, drink their blood, and celebrate their suffering just as the sinners once did themselves.

    24. Sulaprota (Impaled on Spikes)

    Sin: Those who deceive innocent animals by making them feel safe, only to harm them for entertainment—whether by piercing their bodies, restraining them, or tormenting them—inflict unnecessary cruelty on helpless creatures.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to S’ûlaprota, the hell of “pierced by the pike,” where their own bodies are impaled and restrained in the same way. Starving and thirsty, they are relentlessly attacked by sharp-beaked birds like herons and vultures, suffering the same agony they once inflicted.

    25. Dandasuka (Serpent Torture)

    Sin: Men who, like venomous snakes, harm others without reason, acting out of sheer malice and cruelty, cause unnecessary suffering in the world.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Dandaśūka, the hell of “the cudgel in return,” where five- and seven-hooded serpents rise before them and devour them like mice, making them experience the same fear and pain they inflicted on others.

    26. Avatha nirodhana – (to be thrown in the dark)

    Sin: Someone who in this life confines living beings either in blind wells, in granaries or in caves.

    Punishment: will likewise in their next life be forced to enter the same places, to be locked up there with poisonous fumes, fire and smoke.

    27. Paryavartana (Turned to Ash)

    Sin: A householder who, instead of welcoming guests with kindness, greets them with anger and hostility, glaring at them as if to burn them with his eyes, fails in his duty of hospitality and compassion.

    Punishment: After death, they are sent to Paryâvartana, the hell of “the eyes plucked,” where herons, vultures, and crows mercilessly tear out their eyes with their powerful beaks, making them suffer the consequences of their sinful gaze. .

    28. Sucimukha (Needle Mouth)

    Sin: Those who, out of greed and selfishness, view others with suspicion, obsess over their wealth, and hoard money without joy—acting like evil spirits guarding treasure—live in constant fear of loss and refuse to share their fortune.

    Punishment: After death, they are condemned to Sûcîmukha, the hell of “the pin first,” where Yamarâja’s enforcers, like expert weavers, pierce and stitch their limbs together with needles and thread, tormenting them for their greed and miserliness.

    Key Scriptural Sources on Naraka:

    1. Bhagavata PuranaCanto 5, Chapter 26 (Most detailed descriptions of hells)
    2. Garuda PuranaChapters 3.3 to 3.15 (Karmic consequences & afterlife punishments)
    3. MahabharataAnusasana Parva, Section 129 (Mentions different realms of hell)
    4. ManusmritiChapter 4.87-90 (Moral conduct and Naraka)
    5. Vishnu Purana – Book 2, Chapter 6 (Hells as part of Yama’s judgment)

    Some believe these Narakas are literal, physical places where souls undergo punishment before rebirth. Others see them as symbolic realms, representing deep states of suffering experienced in the human mind due to karma. The debate continues, inviting spiritual seekers to explore their own truth.

    Are these realms real? Or are they metaphors for suffering? Could Naraka be closer than we think and would you survive Naraka?

    We’d love to hear about it in the comments below! Thanks and don’t forget to share this post!!!


    Video version here:

    Narakas – The 28 Hells of Hindu Cosmology – Realms of Suffering and Redemption


    Interesting sources, additional info, courses, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

    Balancing and Healing the Chakras through Yoga https://www.udemy.com/course/balancing-and-healing-the-chakras-through-yoga/?referralCode=12C81A148616B419AA06

    Mudras to Balance and Harmonize your Chakras and Energy Body https://www.udemy.com/course/mudras-to-balance-and-harmonize-your-energy-body/?referralCode=1A275C6E67E05E8C8130

    Elemental Energy for Success and Well Being https://www.udemy.com/course/elemental-energy-for-success-and-well-being/?referralCode=A680413E03BEAD96E744

    Book a Tarot reading here: https://www.suryaholistictarot.com/book-a-reading/

    Check our soundtrack here:
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    Websites:

    https://www.alkemystica.com

    https://www.lennyblandino.com

    https://www.staciebronson.com/


    Links and References:

    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/9-types-of-narakas-or-hells-as-per-hindu-religion/amp_etphotostory/104472173.cms

    https://bhagavanbhakthi.com/2013/12/names-of-hells-narakas-in-hinduism/

    https://slife.org/naraka-in-hinduism/

    https://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto5/chapter26.html

    https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp064.htm

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama

    https://venupayyanur.com/crime-and-punishment-the-hindu-way/

    https://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/puranas/gp/gp.asp#ch4

    https://www.hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/puranas/gp/gp.asp#ch3

    https://bhagavanbhakthi.com/2013/12/names-of-hells-narakas-in-hinduism/

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Hindu_hell.jpg

    https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/5/26/8/

    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/The_Court_of_Yama%2C_God_of_Death%2C_circa_1800.jpg

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    THE UNDERWORLD – GATEWAY TO SUBTERRANEAN REALMS AND HIDDEN KNOWLEDGE

    The Underworld - Gateway to Subterranean Realms and Hidden Knowledge

    The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various traditions and myths, located below the world of the living.

    It has long been portrayed as a realm of death and darkness, but within esoteric and occult paths, it is seen as a place of transformation, wisdom, and initiation. A hidden realm where souls travel after death, where deities reign, and where profound wisdom can be gained, symbolizing death, rebirth and the unknown.

    While often associated with fear and punishment, it also represents inner growth, and the journey of the soul toward enlightenment.

    There is nothing more powerful than this attraction toward the abyss.” Jules Verne, JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH

    Chthonic is the adjective for things of the underworld.

    The terms “chthonic” and “chthonian” are derived from the Ancient Greek word (khthṓn) meaning “earth” or “soil”.

    The Greek adjective (khthónios) means “in or beneath the earth” and is a descriptive word for things relating to the underworld.

    In Greek mythology, deities referred to as chthonic or chthonian were gods or spirits who inhabited the underworld or existed in or under the earth, and were typically associated with death or fertility, such as Hermes, Demeter, and Zeus.

    Gods that are related to agriculture are also considered to have chthonic associations as planting and growing take place, in part, under the earth.

    Offerings were central to the worship of both chthonic and ouranic gods, though the specifics of these rituals differed.

    Ouranic refers to deities that are celestial or above the earth.

    People with high social status, like the Pharaohs, were dressed and equipped in order to better navigate the deeper realms.

    The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization and “may be as old as humanity itself”. Common features of underworld myths are accounts of people making journeys below ground, often for some heroic purpose.

    A number of mythologies incorporate the concept of the soul of the deceased making its own journey to the underworld, with the dead needing to be taken across a defining obstacle such as a lake or a river to reach this destination.

    The Underworld is present in nearly every ancient civilization, each with its unique interpretation.

    Greek and Roman Mythology: The Underworld, ruled by Hades (Pluto in Roman mythology), is a vast domain where souls are judged and assigned to different regions: Elysium for the virtuous, the Asphodel Meadows for ordinary souls, and Tartarus for the damned. It is guarded by Cerberus, the three-headed hound, and features rivers such as the Styx, which separates the world of the living from the dead.

    Egyptian Duat: The ancient Egyptians believed in the Duat, a shadowy realm where souls underwent judgment before Osiris. The weighing of the heart against the feather of Ma’at determined one’s fate: eternal peace in Aaru or annihilation by the devourer Ammit.

    Norse Helheim: In Norse mythology, Helheim is the realm of the dead who did not die in battle. Ruled by the goddess Hel, it is often described as cold and misty, a stark contrast to Valhalla, the hall of warriors.

    The world tree, is a motif present in several religions and mythologies, particularly Indo-European, Siberian, and Native American.

    It is represented as a colossal tree which supports the worlds above, thereby connecting the heavens, the terrestrial world, and, through its roots, the underworld. The most famous is probably Yggdrasil in Norse mythology.

    “No one has ever known or will ever know the vastness of the roots of that ancient tree.” Odin describing the World-Tree Yggrdrasil, from the ELDER EDDA

    Hindu Patala and Naraka: Hindu cosmology describes Patala as the subterranean realms inhabited by serpentine beings called Nagas, while Naraka serves as a place of purification for souls who must atone for their karma before reincarnation. Patalathat which is below the feet”, denotes the subterranean realms of the universe – which are located under the earthly dimension.

    It is described as more beautiful than Svarga (subtle dimensions, loosely translated as heaven). Patala is described as filled with splendid jewels, beautiful groves and lakes.

    Nagas are believed to live in the lowest realm of Patala, called Naga-loka.

    In the Hebrew Bible, Sheol is the underworld place of stillness and darkness which lies after death.

    It is described as a place where both the righteous and the unrighteous dead go, regardless of their moral choices in life.

    Beyond the literal interpretation, many traditions view the Underworld as a space of transformation. Shamans, mystics, and initiates often undergo symbolic journeys into the Underworld, confronting their ego, shadows, and inner fears.

    This journey mirrors psychological and alchemical processes of death and rebirth, representing a deep metamorphosis of the soul.

    Occult traditions often connect the Underworld with hidden knowledge, the subconscious, and contact with otherworldly energies.

    Many mystery schools teach that confronting one’s fears and embracing the darkness leads to enlightenment.

    The Underworld is not merely a place of death but a realm of transition, wisdom, and inner growth.

    Whether viewed as a literal afterlife, a metaphorical descent into the subconscious, or a sacred path of initiation, it remains a profound and universal symbol of the human experience.

    By embracing the lessons of the Underworld, one can emerge renewed, transformed, and awakened.

    The Underworld often symbolizes the deep layers of the subconscious mind. It is the place where fears, suppressed emotions, and ancestral memories reside. Occultists often describe it as a domain beyond the material world, existing parallel to physical reality but accessible only through dreams, trance, or ritual.

    Beyond the myths of punishment and suffering, it is a dimension of hidden knowledge, ruled by powerful deities and beings, where the adept can undergo deep transformation. This perspective aligns with alchemical transmutation, the descent of the mystic into their own subconscious, and the journey of the soul through the mysteries of existence.

    The Hero’s Journey: A descent into darkness or lands below, is a crucial phase where the hero must face trials before emerging enlightened. This motif appears in myths such as Orpheus’ descent into Hades, Dante’s Inferno, and the trials of the Egyptian Book of the Dead.

    The Qliphoth in the Kabbalah: In contrast to the Tree of Life, which represents divine order, the Qliphoth are the “shells” or inverse aspects of creation, linked to the Underworld. Working with the Qliphoth involves confronting one’s inner self and breaking through personal limitations to reach higher states of consciousness.

    Underworld Gods as Initiators of Wisdom: In many esoteric traditions, deities of the Underworld are not simply rulers of the dead but also guardians of occult wisdom and initiators of those who seek hidden truths.

    Hecate, the Queen of the Crossroads: In Hellenistic magic, Hecate rules over the liminal spaces between worlds. As the goddess of the Underworld and magic, she grants knowledge to those who dare to walk between life and death.

    Pluto/Hades as the Lord of Wealth: The Roman god Pluto, while feared, was also associated with the hidden treasures beneath the earth. Esoterically, the Underworld is where mystical riches are found, accessible only to those who master the descent.

    Osiris, the Alchemical King: Osiris, the Egyptian God of the Dead, represents the eternal cycle of death and rebirth. His myth echoes alchemical transformation, where dissolution (nigredo) precedes resurrection (rubedo).

    The Alchemical Descent: Alchemy, the mystical art of transmutation, mirrors the Underworld journey in its process. The nigredo stage, often depicted as death, decay, and darkness, represents the destruction of the ego and material attachments before enlightenment, where the ego is dissolved before achieving purification. This mirrors the Underworld as a space where the old self must die for the new self to emerge.

    In this stage the adept faces their own illusions and attachments. Inner “darkness” emerge, forcing confrontation with fears. This darkness must be embraced before true higher gold (illumination) can be achieved. The Underworld, in this sense, is not a place to be feared but a necessary phase in mystical evolution.

    Underworld Initiations and Rituals in the Occult: Throughout history, mystery schools and occult traditions have included Underworld-related initiations to symbolize death, rebirth, and transformation.

    The Eleusinian Mysteries: These ancient Greek rites were centered around Demeter and Persephone, symbolizing the descent into darkness and the return to light, echoing the initiatory path.

    Shamanic Underworld Journeys: Many indigenous traditions describe shamans traveling to the Underworld to retrieve lost souls, gain wisdom from spirits, and heal the living.

    Dissolution of the False Self: The Underworld strips away illusions, forcing an encounter with the raw self.

    Reintegration and Rebirth: Like the Phoenix rising from the ashes, those who complete the journey return renewed.

    The Attainment of Hidden Wisdom: True power comes from understanding the mysteries of both light and shadow.

      The Underworld is not simply a place of fear or punishment, it is an essential part of the mystical path. Whether through ancient deities, alchemical transformation, or shamanic initiation, it remains a realm of deep wisdom. Those who dare to explore its mysteries, embracing the descent into darkness, often emerge enlightened, empowered, and forever changed.

      While these concepts may seem unreal or just myths, they may very well be real if we consider all the hidden knowledge that is still to be uncovered. Also, these principles can be applied in our daily life in a practical way, reaching for the best version of ourselves, whichever path we are walking on.

      So, what do you think of The Underworld? What does it represent to you, and how can we use this knowledge in our daily lives, in a practical way? Let us know in the comment section, subscribe for more and share the post!!!

      Also check our website for consultations, tarot readings, exclusive videos, courses, occult related items and more!!!


      Video version here:

      The Underworld – A Gateway to Subterranean Realms and Hidden Knowledge


      Interesting sources, additional info, courses, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

      Balancing and Healing the Chakras through Yoga https://www.udemy.com/course/balancing-and-healing-the-chakras-through-yoga/?referralCode=12C81A148616B419AA06

      Mudras to Balance and Harmonize your Chakras and Energy Body https://www.udemy.com/course/mudras-to-balance-and-harmonize-your-energy-body/?referralCode=1A275C6E67E05E8C8130

      Elemental Energy for Success and Well Being https://www.udemy.com/course/elemental-energy-for-success-and-well-being/?referralCode=A680413E03BEAD96E744

      Book a Tarot reading here: https://www.suryaholistictarot.com/book-a-reading/

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      Websites:

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      https://www.lennyblandino.com

      https://www.staciebronson.com/


      Links and References:

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underworld

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic_deities

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades

      https://web.archive.org/web/20050907124516/http://home.earthlink.net/~mottimorph/subterraneamiscellania.html

      https://web.archive.org/web/20051207034127/http://home.earthlink.net/~mottimorph/Quotes_Misc.html

      PICS:

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld#/media/File:Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger_-_Juno_in_the_Underworld,_1626-1630.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Martin_002.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades#/media/File:Meister_des_Codex_Aureus_Epternacensis_001.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades#/media/File:Georgin_Fran%C3%A7ois,_The_3_Roads_to_Eternity,_1825_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1040_01.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat#/media/File:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat#/media/File:Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg

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      THE 12 MYSTICAL SERPENTS (NAGAS) – GUARDIANS OF WISDOM, SECRECY AND COSMIC FORCES IN OCCULT ASTROLOGY

      The 12 Mystical Serpents (NAGAS

      Throughout human history, serpents have been revered as symbols of secrecy, wisdom, and cosmic power.

      The serpent has appeared in countless mythologies, often as a guardian of sacred knowledge or a bridge between realms, connecting the material and metaphysical worlds. Its ability to shed its skin represents renewal, transformation and the cycle of life and death.

      The 12 Mystical Serpents offer profound insights into the forces shaping our lives and the universe. By understanding their connection to symbolism, we can unlock deeper layers of self-awareness and cosmic connection.

      In astrology and The Occult, serpents often embody energies associated with the zodiac signs, planetary influences and mystical awakenings. They reflect hidden wisdom and knowledge, cyclical growth, karmic forces and the dynamic interplay between the conscious and subconscious realms.

      Found mainly in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, The 12 Mystical Nagas represent cosmic balance, transformation, and the interplay between the earthly and the divine.

      They are often depicted as half-human, half-serpent beings, known for their wisdom, supernatural abilities, and control over water and fertility. The Nagas play vital roles in mythology and are known as protectors of treasures, both material and metaphysical.

      They are revered as guardians of hidden wisdom, protectors of the natural world and custodians of mysteries. They are also associated with the calendar and the stars, representing the duality of creation and destruction, and the interconnectedness of life.

      Serpens, Ancient Greek Óphis, ‘the Serpent’, is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it is included as one of the 88 modern constellations. An old alternative name for the constellation was Serpentarius.

      It is unique among the modern constellations in being split into two non-contiguous parts, Serpens Caput (Serpent Head) to the west and Serpens Cauda (Serpent Tail) to the east. Between these two halves lies the constellation of Ophiuchus, the “Serpent-Bearer”.

      The brightest star in the constellation of Serpens, in Serpens Caput, is Alpha Serpentis or Unukalhai, from the Arabic ʽUnuq al-Hayyah, “The serpent’s Neck”, and Cor Serpentis from the Latin “the Heart of the Serpent”.

      Ophiuchus, opposite of Orion, is a large constellation straddling the celestial equator. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek ophioûkhos, meaning “serpent-bearer”, and it’s commonly represented as a man grasping a snake, like Asclepius, the God of Healing.

      Ras-al-hague is its brightest star. The name comes from the Arabic phrase “raʾs al-ḥawwāʾ”, meaning “Head of the Serpent Collector” or “Head of the Snake Charmer”.

      This symbolism is also found in Alchemy with the Ouroboros, the serpent eating its tail, representing eternity and cyclical time, akin to the progression through astrological houses.

      Each of the 12 Nagas represents an aspect of universal energy and a mystical, inner lesson.

      1. Ananta (Infinity)

      Ananta, Sanskrit for ‘Without end’, also a name of Shesha, the celestial snake. This multi-headed serpent is the King of the Nagas. He is the divine couch of Lord Vishnu and symbolizes balance, stability, and cosmic infinity.

      Role: Cosmic serpent of eternity.

      Symbolism: Represents the infinite nature of existence and the cosmic cycle of creation and dissolution.

      Connection: Associated with Lord Vishnu, who rests on Ananta in an ocean of milk.

      2. Vasuki (King of Serpents)

      Vasuki is the king of the Nagas in Hinduism. He is generally depicted coiling around the neck of Shiva, who is believed to have blessed and worn him as an ornament. He offered to pull Mount Mandara out of the ocean of milk to release the nectar of immortality.

      He is known in Chinese and Japanese mythology as being one of the “8 Great Dragon Kings”. They are the only snakes which can fly and also mentioned as the most venomous snakes.

      Role: Naga King known for his strength and loyalty.

      Symbolism: Represents devotion, power, and the ability to endure challenges.

      Connection: Central to the “churning of the ocean” myth, symbolizing balance between forces.

      3. Takshaka (The Architect)

      Takshaka is a Nagaraja in Hinduism and Buddhism. He is mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata as well as in the Bhagavata Purana. He is described to be a king of the Nagas and one of the sons of Kadru.

      He is also known in Chinese and Japanese mythology as being one of the “8 Great Dragon Kings”.

      Takshaka is mentioned as the friend of Indra, the King of the Gods. He formerly dwelt in Kurukshetra and the forest of Khandava (modern-day Delhi).

      Role: A Naga known for creating illusions and constructing realms.

      Symbolism: Transformation and hidden creativity.

      Connection: A figure of both fear and reverence, symbolizing the balance of destruction and renewal.

      4. Karkotaka (The Venomous One)

      Karkotaka once deceived Narada, the divine sage, in a game of chance.

      It is believed that dwelling on Karkotaka allows one to be safeguarded against the asura Kali. A vengeful Naga.

      Role: A serpent of powerful poison and protection.

      Symbolism: Represents the destructive power of transformation.

      Connection: Often invoked as a protector against enemies and negative forces.

      5. Padma (The Lotus Bearer)

      In the Vishnu Purana, Padma is described as one of the prominent Naga Kings residing in Patala (the subterranean realms).

      Padma is associated with immense wisdom, mystical powers, and the protection of sacred treasures.

      The Bhagavata Purana mentions the role of Nagas in maintaining cosmic balance. Padma Naga, as a symbolic figure, represents harmony and the subtle energies within the cosmos.

      Role: Associated with purity and mystical awakening.

      Symbolism: The blossoming of consciousness and divine beauty.

      Connection: Closely tied to water and wisdom.

      6. Shesha (The Remainder)

      Also known as Adishesha, the first Naga.

      Role: The eternal serpent holding the universe.

      Symbolism: Stability, grounding, and cosmic order.

      Connection: Depicted as bearing the Earth on its hoods, ensuring balance.

      7. Kulika (The Churning Serpent)

      Another form of Vasuki.

      Role: Aiding in the churning of the cosmic ocean.

      Symbolism: Cooperation and persistence.

      Connection: Highlights the importance of effort in achieving enlightenment.

      8. Mahapadma (The Great Lotus)

      Role: Protector of treasures and divine knowledge.

      Symbolism: Guardianship of wisdom and cosmic wealth.

      Connection: Keeper of hidden realms and esoteric secrets.

      9. Sankhapala (The Conch Protector)

      One of the 12 dimensions of the Nagas.

      Role: A Naga guarding the conch of divine sound.

      Symbolism: Communication, sacred sound, and divine knowledge.

      Connection: Signifies the eternal vibration of creation.

      10. Dhritarashtra (The World Bearer)

      One of the 12 dimensions of the Nagas.

      Role: Supports the physical world and its balance.

      Symbolism: Responsibility and strength.

      Connection: Represents the burden and blessing of maintaining cosmic harmony.

      11. Pandara (The Bright One)

      Role: Naga associated with illumination and enlightenment.

      Symbolism: The light of knowledge dispelling ignorance.

      Connection: Inspires clarity and higher understanding.

      12. Kaliya (The Serpent Subdued)

      The serpent that lived in the Yamuna river.

      Role: A serpent subdued by Krishna in Hindu mythology.

      Symbolism: Overcoming darkness, ego, and ignorance.

      Connection: Represents the triumph of divinity over chaos.

      Nagas as Guardians of the Zodiac Gates

      The Nagas’ connection to astrology goes far beyond mythological references, embodying profound occult truths about transformation, karma, and cosmic cycles. They remind us that just as the serpent sheds its skin, we too can evolve through the trials and gifts revealed by the stars.

      Occult traditions often describe the zodiac as a symbolic journey of the soul, and The Nagas, as protectors of treasures, are seen as guardians of cosmic gateways.

      They represent the trials and transformations required to ascend to higher states of consciousness, symbolized by the journey through the zodiac and astrological houses.

      The 12 Mystical Serpents align with the 12 zodiac signs, each embodying unique energies and lessons, offering insights into the cosmic forces at play in our lives.

      The 12 signs of the Zodiac are further seen as paths of personal awakening, with the Nagas symbolizing the knowledge to navigate these paths.

      Different schools of Astrology may associate a zodiac sign with one or more planets, so, whether you use Tropical, Sidereal or other systems, many layers of energies need to be considered.

      1. Aries – The Flaming Serpent

      Element: Fire

      Traits: Bold, energetic, and pioneering.

      Symbolism: This serpent represents the spark of creation and the raw energy of new beginnings. It challenges us to take initiative and embrace courage in the face of the unknown.

      Planetary Influence: Mars governs this serpent, adding intensity and drive.

      2. Taurus – The Earthbound Serpent

      Element: Earth

      Traits: Grounded, sensual, and steadfast.

      Symbolism: The Earthbound Serpent embodies stability and the beauty of material existence. It teaches the value of patience and the importance of nurturing one’s surroundings.

      Planetary Influence: Venus imbues this serpent with harmony and abundance.

      3. Gemini – The Twin Serpents

      Element: Air

      Traits: Dualistic, curious, and communicative.

      Symbolism: Representing duality, this serpent governs intellect and adaptability. It emphasizes the interplay of opposites, such as light and dark, or thought and emotion.

      Planetary Influence: Mercury enhances quick thinking and versatility.

      4. Cancer – The Lunar Serpent

      Element: Water

      Traits: Nurturing, intuitive, and protective.

      Symbolism: This serpent represents deep emotional waters and psychic intuition. It guides individuals to seek emotional security and protect their inner world.

      Planetary Influence: The Moon governs this serpent’s tides.

      5. Leo – The Solar Serpent

      Element: Fire

      Traits: Radiant, confident, and creative.

      Symbolism: This serpent shines with divine light, symbolizing personal power and self-expression. It urges us to embrace our inner greatness and share it with the world.

      Planetary Influence: The Sun rules this serpent, emphasizing vitality and leadership.

      6. Virgo – The Healing Serpent

      Element: Earth

      Traits: Analytical, meticulous, and service-oriented.

      Symbolism: This serpent embodies the wisdom of healing and the power of precision. It inspires us to align with our purpose through discipline and service to others.

      Planetary Influence: Mercury provides intellect and practicality.

      7. Libra – The Balancing Serpent

      Element: Air

      Traits: Harmonious, diplomatic, and aesthetic.

      Symbolism: This serpent represents balance and fairness. It seeks to harmonize relationships and bring beauty to life.

      Planetary Influence: Venus adds charm and a love of equilibrium.

      8. Scorpio – The Transformational Serpent

      Element: Water

      Traits: Intense, mysterious, and transformative.

      Symbolism: Representing rebirth and the depths of the subconscious, this serpent guides through cycles of death and renewal.

      Planetary Influence: Pluto and Mars amplify its transformative power.

      9. Sagittarius – The Archer Serpent

      Element: Fire

      Traits: Optimistic, adventurous, and philosophical.

      Symbolism: This serpent embodies the quest for higher knowledge and truth. It encourages expansive thinking and mystical exploration.

      Planetary Influence: Jupiter enhances wisdom and growth.

      10. Capricorn – The Mountain Serpent

      Element: Earth

      Traits: Ambitious, disciplined, and enduring.

      Symbolism: It represents resilience and the steady climb to success. It teaches perseverance and mastery over challenges.

      Planetary Influence: Saturn brings structure and responsibility.

      11. Aquarius – The Visionary Serpent

      Element: Air

      Traits: Innovative, independent, and humanitarian.

      Symbolism: This serpent represents revolutionary ideas and progress. It inspires forward-thinking and collective growth.

      Planetary Influence: Uranus fosters innovation and individuality.

      12. Pisces – The Cosmic Serpent

      Element: Water

      Traits: Dreamy, empathetic, and mystical.

      Symbolism: Representing the infinite connection to the divine, this serpent dissolves boundaries and fosters enlightenment.

      Planetary Influence: Neptune enhances intuition and mystical awareness.

      Rahu (the serpent’s head) and Ketu (the serpent’s tail) are the lunar nodes in Vedic astrology and are connected to the Moon. The association of Rahu with ‘sarpas’ (serpents) and Ketu with ‘nagas’ (serpent deities) highlights their deep connection to serpent symbolism.

      Rahu symbolizes the desire for material growth and worldly experiences, representing illusion (Maya). It is the “head” that devours but never feels satisfied. It also represents obsession and karmic desires.

      Ketu symbolizes liberation. As the “tail,” it releases what Rahu binds, guiding one toward enlightenment. Symbolizes detachment and karmic release.

      They are The Serpent Shadows and the most prominent Astrological Connection of the Nagas.

      The Rahu-Ketu axis in the natal chart can create the Naga Dosha (serpent affliction or serpent’s curse).

      It refers to afflictions in a natal chart caused by past-life transgressions against serpents or serpent deities.

      They indicate where karmic debts need resolution and delve into the lessons of past lives and personal evolution.

      Such doshas are believed to manifest as obstacles in one’s life, including delays in marriage or childbearing. Remedies often involve rituals and prayers to appease the Nagas.

      These “Nagas-Lunar Nodes” represent in fact karmic binders and liberators respectively , their coiled nature symbolizing the cycles of karma and reincarnation, much like the planetary orbits and their effects on human lives.

      They are also linked to the serpent in the Garden of Eden, representing the dual forces of temptation (Rahu) and redemption (Ketu).

      Mystical Naga Energies in Nakshatras

      Certain lunar mansions (Nakshatras, in Vedic Astrology) are governed by serpentine forces.

      Vrishchika and Jyeshta (Scorpio): Ruled by Mars and connected to transformation, secrecy and the Occult.

      Ashlesha (Cancer): Ruled by the Nagas, it represents occult wisdom, intuitive power, and alchemy. Symbolized by the coiled serpent, emphasizing intuition, secrecy, and emotional depths.

      Moola (Sagittarius): Associated with uprooting past karmas and delving into deep transformative processes.

      Revati (Pisces): Often linked to cosmic waters, where Nagas dwell, representing transcendence.

      Contemplating the 12 Mystical Serpents – Representations, Rituals and Practices in The Occult

      Guardians of Sacred Spaces: Nagas are often depicted as protectors of temples, treasures, and sacred knowledge.

      Water Deities: Nagas are believed to govern rivers, lakes, and rainfall, symbolizing life and renewal.

      Naga Worship: In esoteric traditions, rituals to honor Nagas (especially during Naga Panchami) are believed to enhance intuitive power and resolve karmic afflictions.

      Meditative Practices: Practicing meditation during eclipses, focusing on Rahu and Ketu, allows for deep karmic insights and the uncoiling of personal energy. Visualize serpents as guides to unlock hidden wisdom and overcome challenges.

      Kundalini Activation: In yogic traditions, the coiled serpent at the base of the spine represents Kundalini, latent inner energy, which, when awakened, connects the individual to cosmic consciousness.

      Astrological Insight: Explore your birth chart to identify serpent symbolism tied to your Nakshatras, Sun, Moon, and rising signs.

      Ritual Work: Use symbolic elements, such as snake imagery, crystals, or planetary symbols, to align with their energies.

      Transformation: Like a serpent shedding its skin, we must embrace change and personal growth.

      Balance: Nagas teach the harmony between creation and destruction, wisdom and emotion, the earthly and the divine.

      Guardianship: They remind us to protect the treasures of nature, wisdom, and secrecy.

      These connections illustrate the profound influence of Nagas within Astrology and the Occult, emphasizing themes of transformation, hidden knowledge, and the intricate interplay of karmic forces.

      What do you think about The Nagas and Serpent symbolism? Let us know in the comment section below and share the post!!!


      Video version here:

      The 12 Mystical Serpents (NAGAS) – Guardians of Wisdom, Secrecy and Cosmic Forces in Occult Astrology


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      Links and References:

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takshaka

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkotaka

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ananta

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vasuki

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/takshaka

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/karkotaka

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/padmanaga

      PICS:

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus#/media/File:Ophiuchus_IAU.svg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens#/media/File:Serpens_Caput_IAU.svg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens#/media/File:Serpens_Cauda_IAU.svg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus#/media/File:Guisard_-_Milky_Way.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus#/media/File:OphiuchusCC.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens#/media/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania’s_Mirror_-_Taurus_Poniatowski,_Serpentarius,_Scutum_Sobiesky,_and_Serpens.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiuchus#/media/File:Azophi_Ophiuchus.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)#/media/File:Miniature_Hindu_shrine_with_the_deity_Vishnu_sleeping_on_the_cosmic_ocean_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)#/media/File:Vishnu_sleeps_on_the_coils_of_Ananta_(the_World_Snake)._He_will_awake_for_the_next_cycle_of_creation_which_heralds_the_destruction_of_all_things._Sculpture._From_India,_c._14th_century_CE._National_Museum_of_Scotland,_Edinburgh.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki#/media/File:Shiva_01.JPG

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki#/media/File:Kurma,_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takshaka#/media/File:Taxaka_Statue.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takshaka#/media/File:Snakesacrifice.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takshaka#/media/File:Kashyapa_alive_tree_what_is_burnt_by_Takshak_(_near_Pond_)_and_parikshit_bitten_by_Takshak.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karkotaka_-_Divya_Chitram_Series.jpg

      https://pixabay.com/photos/buddha-meditate-naga-statue-1284619

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha#/media/File:Nag_Devta_or_Nag_Sthan_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_(3).jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha#/media/File:Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg

      https://pixabay.com/photos/pond-naga-cobra-sculpture-6734839

      https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-serpent-creature-naga-9103383

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Panchami#/media/File:Naag_or_serpent.jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category%3AN%C4%81ga#/media/File:India_del_sud,_rilievi_lignei,_da_carri_processionali,_serpente_cobra_nagini.jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category%3AN%C4%81ga#/media/File:Naga_(349558698).jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliya#/media/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliya#/media/File:Kaliya_Daman.png

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category%3AN%C4%81ga#/media/File:Nagas_coming_out_of_the_mouth.jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category%3AN%C4%81ga#/media/File:Nageshwar_carved_at_Wai_temple.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#/media/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#/media/File:2017_Total_Solar_Eclipse_(35909952653).jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sun#/media/File:The_Sun_taking_Z’s.JPG

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nh-pluto-charon-v2-10-1-15_1600.jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_transit_2.jpg

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      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg

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      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rahu_graha.JPG

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ketu_graha.JPG

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aries_(astrology)#/media/File:Aries_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)#/media/File:Taurus_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)#/media/File:Gemini_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)#/media/File:Cancer_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_(astrology)#/media/File:Leo_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)#/media/File:Virgo_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(astrology)#/media/File:Libra_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)#/media/File:Scorpio_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)#/media/File:Sagittarius_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)#/media/File:Capricornus_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)#/media/File:Aquarius_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)#/media/File:Pisces_Astrological_Sign_at_the_Wisconsin_State_Capitol.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalc%C5%8D%C4%81tl#/media/File:Quetzalc%C3%B3atl_como_la_serpiente_emplumada_y_el_dios_del_viento_Eh%C3%A9catl,_en_el_folio_19.jpg

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Panchami#/media/File:Snake_poster_Naga_Panchami_(cropped).jpg

      https://science.nasa.gov/resource/mars-and-pluto-compared/

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga#/media/File:2006_0922_wat_phrathat_doi_suthep_buddha_mucalinda.JPG

      https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini#/media/File:Diagramma-chakra-kundalini.gif

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscope#/media/File:Astro_signs.svg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olbrich_Botanical_Garden_Naga_Dragon_Statue.jpg

      https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coiled_serpent_(met).jpg

      https://earthsky.org/constellations/serpens-the-snake-2-pieces-serpens-cauda-serpens-caput/

      https://pixabay.com/illustrations/fantasy-dungeon-serpent-dragon-7247949

      https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-serpent-warrior-woman-9101978

      https://pixabay.com/photos/astronomical-clock-clock-time-date-5706

      https://pixabay.com/illustrations/constellation-star-sign-heaven-3594963

      Below are some specific references and resources related to the 12 Mystical Serpents and the Nagas. These are primarily foundational sources and cultural traditions. Plus, key connections between Nagas
      and Astrology as found in the Vedas, Puranas and other traditional Hindu and Sanskrit texts.

      VEDAS

      Rigveda:

      The Nagas are not explicitly mentioned in the Rigveda, but serpentine symbolism is evident in the hymns. The deity Vrtra, often described as a serpent or dragon, is a key figure vanquished by Indra. This battle reflects cosmic order overcoming chaos, a foundational astrological metaphor.

      Source: Rigveda, Mandala 1, Hymn 32.

      Atharvaveda:

      The Atharvaveda includes references to snakes in the context of magical rites and prayers for protection from snakebites, hinting at the acknowledgment of serpentine forces as both protective and destructive.

      Source: Atharvaveda, Book 5, Hymn 13.

      PURANAS

      The Puranas give more detailed mythological accounts of Nagas and their cosmic significance:

      Vishnu Purana:

      The cosmic serpent Ananta or Shesha, is described as the bed of Lord Vishnu. Ananta is eternal and symbolizes the unending nature of time (Kala). This ties to astrological cycles and cosmic order.

      Source: Vishnu Purana, Book 1, Chapter 5.

      Garuda Purana:

      It discusses Nagas in the context of Naga Dosha (there might be afflictions when all the planets in the kundali are placed between Rahu and Ketu).

      Astrological remedies involve worshipping the Nagas.

      Source: Garuda Purana, Chapter 99.

      Bhagavata Purana (Srimad Bhagavatam):

      The churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan) involves Vasuki, the serpent king, as the rope. This myth is tied to astrological allegories of balance and duality.

      Source: Bhagavata Purana, Skanda 8, Chapter 7.

      Astrological Texts

      In Jyotish (Vedic Astrology), Nagas have a direct connection to celestial and karmic forces:

      Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra:

      Rahu and Ketu are referred to as shadow planets with serpentine symbolism, representing karmic nodes. These are tied to past-life karmas, reflecting Naga energy as transformative and mysterious.

      Source: Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, Chapter 56 (on Rahu and Ketu).

      Saravali:

      Discusses the influence of Rahu and Ketu, attributing serpentine qualities like secrecy, unpredictability, and transformational energy to these grahas (planets).

      Source: Saravali, Chapter 45.

      Mythological Context in Hindu Texts

      Mahabharata:

      The story of the serpent king Takshaka and his conflict with the Kuru dynasty exemplifies the Nagas’ power and their karmic impact on human lives.

      Source: Mahabharata, Adi Parva (Book 1).

      Ramayana:

      The battle between Lord Rama and the serpent demon Kumbhakarna echoes serpentine energies being subdued by divine order.

      Source: Ramayana, Yuddha Kanda (Book 6).

      Connection to Nakshatras

      The connection between Nagas and specific Nakshatras (lunar mansions):

      Ashlesha Nakshatra:

      Symbolized by a coiled serpent, this Nakshatra is presided over by the Nagas. It is associated with intuition, secrecy, and transformation.

      Source: Taittiriya Brahmana (a Vedic commentary).

      Below are excerpts or summaries based on traditional sources related to Nagas and their astrological significance:

      Rigveda: The Serpent Vrtra

      Text: Rigveda, Mandala 1, Hymn 32

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “I have slain Vrtra, the great dragon. With my bolt, I have shattered its jaws, releasing the waters held captive by its coils.”

      Meaning: This hymn symbolizes the slaying of chaos (Vrtra, the serpent) by Indra, which represents order, renewal, and cosmic balance. This can be seen as an allegory for the cycles of life and the astrological forces driving transformation.

      Vishnu Purana: Shesha and Vasuki

      Text: Vishnu Purana, Book 1, Chapter 5

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “Ananta, the thousand-headed serpent, supports the Earth upon his hoods, floating on the primeval waters. He is eternal and unchanging, a symbol of time that neither begins nor ends.”

      Meaning: Shesha or Ananta, the cosmic serpent, represents the eternal cycle of creation and destruction, central to Vedic cosmology and tied to Rahu and Ketu’s astrological symbolism.

      Bhagavata Purana: Vasuki and the Churning of the Ocean

      Text: Srimad Bhagavatam, Skanda 8, Chapter 7

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “The devas and asuras used the great serpent Vasuki as a rope to churn the ocean of milk. As the serpent’s body burned, the poison rose, threatening creation itself.”

      Meaning: Vasuki’s role in the churning of the ocean reflects the dual forces of creation and destruction inherent in the universe.

      Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra: Rahu and Ketu as Serpentine Forces

      In astrology, Rahu and Ketu, as serpent energies, similarly influence transformation and karmic challenges.

      Text: Chapter 56 (Rahu and Ketu)

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “Rahu acts like Saturn, bringing sudden events, transformation, and obsessions, while Ketu, acting like Mars, represents detachment, enlightenment, and liberation. These shadow planets are serpentine in nature, coiling around the soul’s destiny.”

      Meaning: Rahu and Ketu are likened to serpents, symbolizing karmic debts, challenges, and growth. Their effects are subtle yet profound, tied to past-life actions.

      Ashlesha Nakshatra: Naga Energy in Astrology

      Text: Taittiriya Brahmana (Commentary on the Vedas)

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “The Ashlesha Nakshatra is presided over by the serpent deities, coiling their wisdom around the stars. Those born under this star are sharp, intuitive, and secretive.”

      Meaning: Ashlesha Nakshatra reflects Naga energy, emphasizing traits like intuition, mystery, and transformation, as well as the potential for manipulation.

      Garuda Purana: Naga Dosha

      Text: Chapter 99

      Excerpt (Translation):
      “When one has harmed the serpents or desecrated their abodes, the curse follows through lifetimes. This manifests in the form of barrenness, misfortune, and delayed prosperity. Worship the Nagas to cleanse this karma.”

      Meaning: Naga Dosha in astrology ties karmic afflictions to serpent-related offenses.

      Online Archives:

      Sacred-texts.com: Provides translations of Vedic texts like the Rigveda and Vishnu Purana.

      Digital Library of India: Offers free access to Indian scriptures in multiple languages.

      Books:

      “The Vishnu Purana” by H.H. Wilson.

      “The Mahabharata” by C. Rajagopalachari.

      “Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra” by R. Santhanam.

      Primary References for Nagas and Serpent Mythology

      Hindu Scriptures:

      Mahabharata: Takshaka’s story and the Nagas’ role in various events.

      Ramayana: The episode of Kaliya and Lord Krishna subduing the serpent.

      Bhagavata Purana: The churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan) involving Vasuki.

      Garuda Purana: Detailed descriptions of Nagas and their mythological origins.

      Buddhist Texts:

      The Saddharmapundarika Sutra (Lotus Sutra): Nagas as protectors of the Buddha’s teachings.

      Tibetan and Theravada Buddhist traditions: Stories of Nagas as spiritual guardians.

      Esoteric Concepts:

      Kundalini Yoga: Works by Swami Sivananda and other yogic texts on the coiled serpent energy within the human body.

      Tantric Traditions: Exploration of serpentine symbolism in relation to energy channels (nadis) and chakras.

      Astrological Texts:

      Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra: Foundational Vedic astrology text mentioning Rahu and Ketu, often depicted as serpents.

      Western astrology writings: Serpentine imagery tied to Scorpio, Pluto, and transformational cycles.

      Suggestions for Deeper Study:

      “The Vishnu Purana” by Horace Hayman Wilson (Translation).

      “The Rigveda: An Anthology” by Wendy Doniger.

      “Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra” by R. Santhanam (Translation).

      “The Mahabharata” by C. Rajagopalachari (Condensed English translation).

      Comparative Mythology:

      The Myth of the Eternal Return by Mircea Eliade: Discussions on cyclical symbolism, including the Ouroboros.

      The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell: Insights into the serpent as a universal archetype in mythology.

      Anthropology & Cultural Studies:

      Serpent Symbolism in Mythology by Marinus van der Sluijs: Analysis of serpent symbolism across cultures.

      Nagas: Hidden Forces of Indian Mythology by Devdutt Pattanaik: A modern exploration of Nagas and their significance.

      Studies on Naga depictions in Southeast Asian temples, particularly Angkor Wat (Cambodia) and Borobudur (Indonesia).

      Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man by Gopi Krishna.

      The Serpent Power by Sir John Woodroffe: A deep dive into Kundalini and its esoteric associations.

      Posted on Leave a comment

      Into the Darkness – Exploring the 7 Underworlds in Hindu Cosmology

      Into the Darkness – Exploring the 7 Underworlds in Hindu Cosmology

      Beneath the surface of the Earth, hidden away from the light of the sun, lies a labyrinthine world of shadows, serpents, and untold secrets—the Seven Underworlds of Hindu cosmology. Known as the Sapta Patalas,

      According to some, these realms are more than mere myths; they are actual physical worlds where magic reigns supreme, treasures glitter in the dark, and powerful entities hold sway over mysteries both ancient and forbidden. For centuries, the sages and seers of India have whispered of these realms, each a layer deeper into the cosmic unknown, each a veil concealing a greater truth.

      In this short essay, we will describe the Sapta Patalas, or 7 underworlds and give some general characteristics about each one including who rules over these realms and what one might find, should they chose to visit.

      So Journey with us into the depths of the Sapta Patalas, where every step descends deeper into the esoteric, and where the line between myth and reality blurs into shadow.

      Before we get started, let’s look into the geography of these 7 underworlds or sapta patalas to understand where exactly they are. To understand this we have to delve a bit deeper into Vedic cosmology, getting familiar with some terminology and having a more complete understanding overall of the system surrounding this topic.

      In Hindu cosmology realms, worlds or planets are called “lokas”.

      There is debate among scholars about these lokas in reference to their existence. Some interpretations refer to psychological states, others lend to states of consciousness, others use the lokas as metaphors for spiritual development and others believe them to be actual, physical, tangible places that can be visited with extraordinary or mystical means. Some scholars believe that the higher realms are non-physical and the lower down you go, the more you fall into material matter.

      Whatever your belief, this video will shed light on these 7 underworlds.

      There are 14 lokas in total – 7 above, 7 below and grouped into Urdhva loka (the higher realms, madhva or bhu loka – the middle realms and adho lok, the lower realms. – and if you’re familiar with yoga asanas, you will remember urdhva mukha svanasana and adho mukha svansana – upward and downward facing dog poses.

      There are 7 Vyahrtis, or upper worlds . These are Satya, tapa, jnana, mahar, svarga, bhuvar, bhu. The upper realms, are inhabited by gods (Devas), sages, and celestial beings. These are realms of light and divine presence, including Indra’s realm, Brahma Loka (the abode of Brahma), and Vaikuntha (the abode of Vishnu).

      Bhu Loka or the (Earthly Realm) is the first of these worlds, lying in the middle. This is the plane of existence for humans, animals, and plants. This is our world, where the physical and material existences are experienced.

      Then there is patal loka:

      • Patala Loka (Underworld Realms)– The lower realms, consisting of the seven underworlds collectively known as the Sapta Patalas. These underworlds lie beneath Bhu Loka, each stacked upon the next, like layers beneath the surface of the Earth.
      • Naraka – these are the hellish worlds below patala loka, in which there are 28. This is last realm – the Naraka (the hellish realms), in which your soul is tormented based on the crimes you committed.

      28 Narakas: Tamisra, Andhatamisra, Raurava, Maharaurava, Kumbhipaka, Kalasutra, Asipatravana, Sukaramukha, Andhakupa, Krimibhojana, Samdamsa, Taptasurmi, Vajrakantaka-salmali, Vaitarani, Puyoda, Pranarodha, Visasana, Lalabhaksa, Sarameyadana, Avichi, Ayahpana, Ksharakardama, Raksogana-bhojana, Sulaprota, Dandasuka, Avata-nirodhana, Paryavartana, and Suchimukha

      In the Bhágavata and Padma P. they are named Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Talátala, Mahátala, Rasátala, and Pátála. The Váyu has Rasátala, Sutala, Vitala, Gabhastala, Mahátala, Śrítala, and Pátála. There are other varieties.

      So lets have a look at these 7 underworlds:

      1. Atala loka:

      Atala is the first and uppermost of the seven underworlds, situated just below the earthly realm (Bhu Loka). It is described as a vast, beautiful land with luxurious cities and a mild climate. It is a realm filled with illusions and magical enchantments and known for its pleasures and opulence, providing a paradise-like existence for its inhabitants, who live in grand palaces with rich food, music, and enjoyment. The surface of the ground is black.

      • Ruler:
        Bala, a son of the demon king Maya Danava who created 96 kinds of mystic power, rules over Atala Loka. He is known for his great strength and mystical powers. According to the Bhagavata Purana (Canto 5, Chapter 24), Bala possesses a unique power which allows him to control and influence others’ minds.
      • He is also said to have created three kinds of women by simply yawning—Swairinis (independent women who marry from their own group), Kamini (passionate women who marry from any group), and Pumshcalis (unchaste women who change husbands one after another)—Any man who enters Atala will be at the whim of these women, who seduce them with intoxicating beverage made with a drug known as hāṭaka [cannabis indica] and draw them into sensory pleasures.
      • Inhabitants:
        The Atala Loka is inhabited by powerful demons, Asuras, and mystical beings who indulge in sensual pleasures that are considered unmatched, filled with material comforts and sense gratifications that are beyond earthly experiences.

      2. Vitala loka:

      Vitala is the second realm beneath the Earth. It is a dark, mysterious land filled with rivers of liquid gold and precious minerals. The water in this realm is said to have alchemical properties, and the air is filled with exotic fragrances. Vitala is depicted as a place of both danger and opulence, where sorcerers and mystical beings conduct various magical experiments. The soil is pale white.

      • Ruler:
        Vitala Loka is ruled by the god Bhava (a form of Shiva), who resides here with his consort, Bhavani. It is said that when they have intercourse, their secretions creates a chemical which, when heated by fire can produce gold. He resides here with his followers and protects the realm from evil influences. He is worshiped by both demons and demi-gods alike.
      • Inhabitants:
        Inhabitants of this realm include Bhutas (spirits), Pisachas (flesh-eating demons), and mystical alchemists who use the resources of the realm for their experiments.

      3. Sutala Loka:

      Sutala is the third of the seven underworld realms and is described as a highly opulent realm with an abundance of wealth, gems and many grand palaces and gardens. It is considered even more luxurious than the heavenly planets (Svarga Lokas). The realm is described as free from diseases, old age, and suffering, making it a place of immense wealth and comfort.

      • Ruler:
        Sutala is ruled by the great son of Mahārāja Virocana, Bali Mahārāja, who is celebrated as the most pious and benevolent king, who was granted sovereignty over this realm as a gift by Lord Vishnu. in His incarnation as Vamanadeva, the dwarf avatar. As a result of Bali’s devotion and piety, Lord Vishnu promised to guard the gates of Sutala Himself, and thus, it is a well-protected realm.
      • Inhabitants:
        Sutala is populated by the followers of King Bali, including Danavas, Daityas, and other devotees of Lord Vishnu. Despite being a realm of the underworld, it is a spiritually advanced and prosperous place.
      • Detailed descriptions of Sutala can be found in the Bhagavata Purana (Canto 5, Chapter 24), which recounts the story of King Bali and his boon from Vamana.

      4. Talatala Loka:


      Talatala is the fourth realm and is described as a dark, mysterious world filled with powerful magical beings. It is portrayed as a world of sorcery, advanced weaponry, and mystic technology. It is characterized by its hidden underground cities and palaces where powerful beings conduct magical experiments and possess advanced mystical knowledge. It is filled with illusions, traps and dark magical practices. Everything here is deceptive and seemingly unreal.

      • Ruler:
        Talatala is ruled by the Danava demon architect Maya, who is a master of sorcery and illusion and an architect of marvelous cities and palaces. He is known for his architectural prowess and magical powers, capable of creating magnificent structures, illusions, and magical devices. Maya is a devotee of Shiva and receives divine protection for his realm.
      • Inhabitants:
        This realm is populated by sorcerers, alchemists, and other beings who practice dark arts and wield powerful spells and weaponry.

      5. Mahatala Loka


      Mahatala is the fifth realm of the underworld and is associated with secrecy, hidden treasures, and the protection of the Nagas. It is characterized by its vast subterranean regions filled with serpents and reptilian beings. The realm is depicted as having a dark, hot, and humid environment. It is known for its massive snake pits, caves, vast underground rivers and serpentine tunnels and caves, where these serpents dwell. The terrain and ground is sandy.

      • Ruler:
        The Nagas (serpent beings) are the primary inhabitants and rulers of Mahatala. This realm is specifically ruled by the great serpent Krodhavasha, a powerful Naga king, who is the progenitor of many races of serpents. His offspring include many of the most powerful and fearsome Nagas in Hindu mythology.
      • Inhabitants:
        It is the abode of many-powerful, hooded snakes, descendants of Kadrū, who are always very angry. The great snakes who are prominent are Kuhaka, Takṣaka, Kāliya and Suṣeṇa. The snakes in Mahātala are always disturbed by fear of Garuḍa, the carrier of Lord Viṣṇu, but although they are full of anxiety, some of them nevertheless sport with their wives, children, friends and relatives.

      6. Rasatala Loka


      Rasatala is the sixth underworld realm and is depicted as a dark, terrifying place filled with great fortresses and oceans which is home to the demons races the Daityas, children of the cruel Diti (giants) and Danavas, children of Danu and armies of demons are constantly plotting against the Devas.

      These beings are known for their strength and valor and are considered eternal enemies of the gods. It is considered one of the lowest realms and is filled with dense darkness, inaccessible to light. The beings in Rasatala are constantly engaged in war and conflict. The terrain and ground is rocky.

      • Ruler:
        Rasatala is ruled by the powerful demon lords, the sons of Nivata-Kavachas and Kalayavanas. They are mortal enemies of the gods and are described as fearsome warriors who challenge the devas (gods) in battles.They hide in Rasatal, because even though they are very strong, they are afraid of Indra.
      • Inhabitants:
        The inhabitants include various classes of demons, giants, and other terrifying beings. They are known for their strength, magical abilities, and enmity towards the gods.
      • 7. Patala (Nagaloka)

      • Patala, the seventh and deepest underworld, is often synonymous with “Nagaloka,” the abode of the Nagas. It is described as a place of immense wealth, a highly luxurious realm, illuminated by jewels and precious stones on the hoods of the serpent beings. Despite being the lowest of the Sapta Patalas, it is considered a place of beauty and splendor, filled with palaces, beautiful gardens, rivers, and pleasant atmospheres. There are many beautiful, flourishing cities here and It is known for its glowing pearls, gemstones, and exotic fragrances. The ground is golden.
      • As per the SB, There are beautiful groves and streams and lakes where the lotus blows; and the skies are resonant with the Koïl’s song. Splendid ornaments, fragrant perfumes, rich unguents, the blended music of the lute and pipe and tabor; these and many other enjoyments are the common portion of the Dānavas, Daityas, and snake-gods, who inhabit the regions of Pātāla.
      • Ruler:
        The great serpent king Vasuki, who is often depicted with multiple hoods and is one of the most famous Nagas, rules Patala. This realm is also protected by Ananta (Shesha), the thousand-headed serpent whose eyes resemble a red lotus and who serves as a bed for Lord Vishnu. Ananta is said to live in the lower regions of Patala and is revered as a divine protector.
      • Inhabitants:
        Patala Loka is inhabited by Nagas, snake-like beings of immense power, beauty, and wisdom. There there are many demoniac serpents, the masters of Nāgaloka, such as Śaṅkha, Kulika, Mahāśaṅkha, Śveta, Dhanañjaya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Śaṅkhacūḍa, Kambala, Aśvatara and Devadatta. The chief among them is Vāsuki. They are all extremely angry, and they have many, many hoods — some snakes five hoods, some seven, some ten, others a hundred and others a thousand. These hoods are bedecked with valuable gems, and the light emanating from the gems illuminates the entire planetary system of bila-svarga. They are often have mystical abilities, including shape-shifting and controlling various elements of nature.

      So How can one reach the sapta patalas? Some texts mention the idea of these lokas as spiritual realms or dimensions that can be accessed through meditation, yoga, or other spiritual practices.

      Some also say that you must be born into one of these places, that after reincarnation, you will go to the place that is aligned to your thoughts and energy at the moment.

      Yet, other sources state that there are entrances, portals, to other realms that are spread across the Earth. Entrances similar to what one might find when searching for Agartha. And some entrances that are heavily guarded and that can only be accessed by having the right information, knowing the right people, or, in terms of modern day terminology – high security clearance.

      How do we know there isn’t something more? What is the connection between military or government officials and the so called, grey aliens? Or any alien or reptilian race? Perhaps it is just conspiracy theory, but could the military have advanced technology that permits travel to these underworlds? Travel only by high authority figures or politicians, or by military captains that have authorization to enter such places?

      We may never know.

      In conclusion, The Sapta Patalas are described as realms of vast diversity, ranging from opulent paradises to dark, mysterious underworlds filled with magical beings, demons, serpents, and rulers with extraordinary powers. Each loka has its own unique environment, inhabitants, and rulers who maintain control over their domain. Despite being part of the underworld, these realms have their own significance, demonstrating the complex and multi-layered structure of the cosmos as envisioned in Hindu cosmology.

      So what do you think? Do you think these are physical places that can be visited? Or states of consciousness, accessible only through meditation, astral travel or remote viewing?

      What would you do if you encountered a Naga King? Share your thoughts and comments in the comment box below and thanks for reading!


      Video version here:

      Into the Darkness – Exploring the 7 Underworlds in Hindu Cosmology


      Interesting sources, additional info, images, credits, attributions and other points of views here:

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      LINKS, REFERENCES AND PICS:

      Srimad Bhagavatam 5:24:16

      Vishnu Purana Book 2, chapter 5

      Markandeya Purana Chapter 57

      Mahabharata (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 101)

      https://www.mahakavya.com/vayu-puran-english/ (p335)

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka#/media/File:Lower_seven_Lokas_purana.png

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vishnu-purana-wilson/d/doc115967.html

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc364126.html

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/patala#purana

      https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vishnu-purana-wilson/d/doc115965.html

      https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp063.htm

      https://vaniquotes.org/wiki/In_Atala_there_is_a_demon,_the_son_of_Maya_Danava_named_Bala,_who_created_ninety-six_kinds_of_mystic_power._Some_so-called_yogis_and_svamis_take_advantage_of_this_mystic_power_to_cheat_people_even_today

      https://www.jatland.com/home/Udyoga_Parva/Mahabharata_Book_V_Chapter_101

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udyoga_Parva